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(Redirected from CO2 retention)
CO2 retention is a pathophysiological process in which too little carbon dioxide is removed from the blood by the lungs. The end result is hypercapnia, an elevated level of carbon dioxide dissolved in the bloodstream. Various diseases may lead to this state; disturbed gas exchange may lead to impaired excretion of the gas. In addition, breathing air with a high carbon dioxide concentration may also lead to hypercapnia.
The principal result of the increased amount of dissolved CO2 is acidosis (respiratory acidosis when caused by impaired lung function); other effects include tachycardia (rapid heart rate) seizures, coma, respiratory arrest and death.
CO2 retention is a problem in various respiratory diseases, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Patients with COPD who receive excessive supplemental oxygen can develop CO2 retention, and subsequent hypercapnia. The mechanism that underlies this state is a matter of controversy. Some authorities point to a reduction in the hypoxic "drive", a condition called carbon dioxide narcosis. When carbon dioxide levels are chronically elevated, the respiratory center becomes less sensitive to CO2 as a stimulant of the respiratory drive, and the PaO2 provides the primary stimulus for respirations. Administering excess supplemental oxygen can potentially suppress the respiratory center. However, it is unclear whether such a hypoxic drive exists in the first place. An alternative explanation is that, in patients with COPD, the administration of oxygen leads to an increase in the degree to which diseased alveoli are perfused with blood relative to other, less-disease
d alveoli. As a result, a larger fraction of blood passes through parts of the lung that are poorly-ventilated, with a resulting increase in the CO2 concentration of the blood leaving the lungs.
As CO2 levels increase, patients exhibit a reduction in overall level of consciousness as well as respiratory effort. Severe increases in CO2 levels can lead to respiratory arrest.
CO2 retention is the hallmark of type II respiratory failure. While in type I any degree of hypoxia is compensated for by hyperventilation (and a decrease in CO2), this mechanism fails in type II. Mechanical ventilation (through intubation, CPAP or BIPAP) may be indicated, or infusion of doxapram.
In diving
CO2 retention with its attendant dangers of death from convulsions and hypoxia (low oxygen level) is primarily of concern to the scuba diver due to "skip breathing". Other mechanisms of CO2 retention are breath-hold diving, breathing in a sealed environment, faulty regulator, exercise at extreme depth and using contaminated air.
Symptoms include rapid respiration in 4-6%, rapid pulse rate, shortness of breath in 7-10% and convulsions and unconsciousness in 11-20%.
The CO2 level in the blood is unchanged by the ambient pressure (i.e., the depth) per se, since the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in a scuba diver's blood is a function only of metabolism and the rate and depth of breathinghe same factors that determine blood CO2 concentration on land.
All of the CO2 developed during breathing from open circuit equipment underwater is normally expelled from the apparatus in the exhaled breath as bubbles. The partial pressure of CO2 produced by the body does not increase with depth as do other gases in breathing mixes, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.
Abnormal carbon dioxide accumulation in the blood can occur from too high a level of metabolism, such as from exercise at depth, or from inadequate breathing. If the diver takes shallow breaths or skip breathes, a larger proportion of the CO2 is not completely expelled and is re-inhaled on the next breath. The medical term for high carbon dioxide in the blood is hypercapnia; when the level is high enough it can cause "CO2 toxicity," which can lead to shortness of breath, headache, confusion and drowning (depending on how severe).
Elevated CO2 levels play a significant role in oxygen toxicity and in nitrogen narcosis. The acceptable CO2 level for diving operations is 1.5% surface equivalent (10.5 mmHg); the acceptable level for hyperbaric oxygen therapy operations is one that allows a vent schedule of 4scfm/person displacement.
Closed circuit equipment
With the increased usage of rebreather diving, mainly by the militaryut recently by more and more civilian divers, there is the possibility of hypercapnia (high CO2 levels), among other medical considerations.
Signs and symptoms that need to be observed are hyperventilation, shortness of breath and tachycardia (rapid heart beat), headache and excessive sweating, mental impairment and finally, unconsciousness.
This hypercapnia comes about due to malfunction of the soda lime CO2 absorbent canisters and can be avoided by decreasing the exercise rate, watching out for the operating limits of the canister, checking for leaks at the start of the dive and not reusing the absorbent.
Categories: Pulmonology | Diving medicine
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Main articles: VM (operating system), CP/CMS, and History of CP/CMS
The Conversational Monitor System (CMS; originally: "Cambridge Monitor System") is a relatively simple interactive computing single-user operating system.
CMS is part of IBM's VM family, which runs on IBM mainframe computers. VM was first announced in 1972, and is still in use today (cf. z/VM).
CMS was originally developed as part of IBM's CP/CMS operating system, which went into production use in 1967.
CMS runs as a "guest" operating system in a private virtual machine created by the VM control program. The control program plus CMS together create a multi-user time-sharing operating system.
Contents
1 History
2 Architecture
3 Features
3.1 Basic environment
3.2 Terminal support
3.3 Performance
3.4 Programming and major applications
4 References
//
History
CMS was originally developed as part of IBM's CP/CMS operating system. At the time, the acronym meant "Cambridge Monitor System" (but also: "Console Monitor System").
CMS first ran under CP-40, a one-off research system using custom hardware at IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center. Production use at CSC began in January 1967. The CMS user interface drew heavily on experience with the influential first-generation time-sharing system CTSS, some of whose developers worked on CP/CMS. (CTSS was used as an early CP/CMS development platform.)
Later in 1967, CP/CMS became generally available on the IBM System/360-67, where, although the new control program CP-67 was a substantial re-implementation of CP-40, CMS remained essentially the same. IBM provided CP/CMS "as is" without any support, in source code form, as part of the IBM Type-III Library. CP/CMS was thus an open source system. Despite this lack of support from IBM, CP/CMS achieved great success as a time-sharing platform; by 1972, there were some 44 CP/CMS systems in use, including commercial sites that resold access to CP/CMS.
In 1972, IBM released its VM/370 operating system, a re-implementation of CP/CMS for the System/370, in an announcement that also added virtual memory hardware to the System/370 series. Unlike CP/CMS, VM/370 was supported by IBM. VM went through a series of versions, and is still in use today as z/VM.
Through all its distinct versions and releases, the CMS platform remained still quite recognizable as a close descendant of the original CMS version running under CP-40. Many key user interface decisions familiar to today's users had already been made in 1965, as part of the CP-40 effort. See CMS under CP-40 for examples.
Both VM and CP/CMS had checkered histories at IBM. VM was not one of IBM's "strategic" operating systems, which were primarily the OS and DOS families, and it suffered from IBM political infighting over time-sharing versus batch processing goals. This conflict is why CP/CMS was originally released as an unsupported system, and why VM often had limited development and support resources within IBM. An exceptionally strong user community, first established in the self-support days of CP/CMS but remaining active after the launch of VM, made substantial contributions to the operating system, and mitigated the difficulties of running IBM's "other operating system".
Architecture
CMS is an intrinsic part of the VM/CMS architecture, established with CP/CMS. Each CMS user has control over a private virtual machine a simulated copy of the underlying physical computer in which CMS runs as a stand-alone operating system. This approach has remained consistent through the years, and is based on:
Full virtualization, used to create multiple independent virtual machines that each completely simulate the underlying hardware
Paravirtualization, used to provide a hypervisor interface that CMS uses to access VM services; this is implemented by the non-virtualized DIAG (diagnose) instruction
More details on how CMS interacts with the virtual machine environment can be found in the VM and CP/CMS articles.
CMS was originally built as a stand-alone operating system, capable of running on a bare machine (though of course nobody would choose to do so). However, CMS can no longer run outside the VM environment, which provides the hypervisor interface needed for various critical functions.
Features
CMS provides users an environment for running applications or batch jobs, managing data files, creating and debugging applications, doing cross-platform development, and communicating with other systems or users.
CMS is still in development and wide use today.
Basic environment
Users log in to VM, providing a userid and password, and then boot their own virtual machine. This can be done by issuing the command "IPL CMS" ("IPL" = initial program load, traditional IBM jargon for booting a machine); though this is normally done automatically for the user. Personal customization is done by a standard shell script file named "PROFILE EXEC", which sets up user-specified environmental defaults, such as which disks and libraries are accessed.
Terminal support
CMS started in the era of teletype-style paper terminals, and the later "glass teletype" dumb terminals. By the late 1970s, however, most VM users were connecting via full-screen terminals particularly the IBM 3270, the ubiquitous transaction processing terminal on IBM mainframes. The 3270 played a strategic role in IBM's product line, making its selection a natural choice for large data centers of the day. Many other manufacturers eventually offered bisync terminals that emulated the 3270 protocol.
3270s had local buffer storage, some processing capabilities, and generally dealt with an entire screen of data at a time. They handled editing tasks locally, and then transmitted a set of fields (or the entire page) at once when the ENTER key or a program function key (PFK) was pressed.
The 3270 family incorporated "smart" control units, concentrators, and other network processing elements, communicating with the mainframe over dedicated circuits at relatively high speeds, via a bisync synchronous data transmission protocol. (These mainframe-oriented communication technologies provided some of the capabilities taken for granted in modern communication networks, such as device addressing, routing, error correction, and support for a variety of configurations such as multipoint and multidrop topologies.)
Historical note: The 3270 approach differed from lower-cost dumb terminals of the period, which were point-to-point[disambiguation needed] and asynchronous. Commercial time-sharing users, an important segment of early CP/CMS and VM sites, relied on such devices because they could connect via 300- or 1200 bit/s modems over normal voice-grade telephone circuits. Installing a dedicated circuit for a 3270 was often not practical, economical, or timely.
The 3270's block-oriented approach was more consistent with IBM's batch- and punchcard-oriented view of computing, and was particularly important for IBM mainframes of the day. Unlike contemporary minicomputers, most IBM mainframes were not equipped for character-at-a-time interrupts. Dumb terminal support relied on terminal control units such as the IBM 270x (see IBM 3705) or Memorex 1270. These asynchronous terminal controllers assembled a line of characters, up to a fixed maximum length, until the RETURN key was pressed. Typing too many characters would result in an error, a familiar situation to users of the day. (Most data centers did not include this equipment, except as needed for dial-up access. The 3270 approach was preferred.)
Block-oriented terminals like the 3270 made it practical to implement screen-oriented editors on mainframes as opposed to line-oriented editors, the previous norm. This had been an important...
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Linemen repairing overhead lines (that supply power to trains)
Linemen repairing electricity distribution lines (that supply power to homes)
A lineman (American English) or linesman (British English) (also occasionally called a lineworker or a line electrician) is a tradesman who constructs and maintains electric power transmission and distribution facilities. The term is also used for those who install and maintain telephone, telegraph, cable TV and more recently fibre optic lines.
The term refers to those who work in generally outdoor installation and maintenance jobs. Those who install and maintain electrical wiring inside buildings are electricians.
Contents
1 History
2 Duties
3 In fiction
4 References
5 See also
6 External links
//
History
The occupation began with the widespread use of the telegraph in the 1840s. Telegraph lines could be strung on trees, but wooden poles were quickly adopted as the method of choice. The term 'lineman' was used for those who set wooden poles and strung the wire. The term continued in use with the invention of the telephone in the 1870s and the beginnings of electrification in the 1890s.
This new electrical power work proved to be much more hazardous than telegraph or telephone work because of the risk of electrocution. Between the 1890s and the 1930s, line work was considered one of the most hazardous jobs in existence. Approximately 1 in 3 linemen were killed on the job, mostly from electrocution. This led to the formation of labor organizations to represent the workers and advocate for their safety. The most important of these labor organizations in the United States, still in existence today, is the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. This also led to the establishment of apprenticeship programs and the establishment of more stringent safety standards, starting in the late 1930s.
Better tools and protective equipment were produced as the occupation grew and safety became a primary concern. Some early equipment shows remarkable ingenuity even though it often provided only minimal protection. For instance, the orange-colored covering linemen place on high-voltage lines is called hose, which recalls the earlier use of sections of ordinary garden hose for the same purpose.
In the United States, the rural electrification drive during the New Deal led to a wide expansion in the number of jobs in the electric power industry. Many power linemen during that period traveled around the country following jobs as they became available in tower construction, substation construction, and wire stringing. These roving workers or "boomers" as they were called, were known as rowdy risk-takers but also as hard workers with a strong sense of pride in their work. They often lived in temporary camps set up near the project they were working on, or in boarding houses if the work was in a town or city. The occupation was one of the most lucrative at the time, owing to the high level of skill needed and the hazardous nature of the work, but the hazards and the extensive travel limited the appeal of the work to only a hardy few. Often a lineman would finish one job with enough money to live on for several weeks or months before they would "boom out" to another job so
mewhere else.
A brief drive to electrify some railroads on the East Coast of the U.S. led to the development of a highly specialized branch of linemen who installed and maintained catenary overhead lines. Growth in this branch of line work stalled after most railroads chose to replace their steam engines with diesel, rather than electric, engines.
The occupation evolved during the 1940s and 1950s, as household electricity became more ubiquitous. As the public became more dependent on electricity, it became imperative that damaged power lines be repaired quickly. This led to an increase in the number of linemen needed to maintain power distribution circuits, and to keep them repaired in case of power outages, storms, or other emergencies. These maintenance linemen mostly stayed in one place and could settle down, although sometimes linemen could be called to travel to other states to help repair the damage from major storms such as hurricanes. Also during the 1950s, some electric lines began to be installed in underground tunnels, expanding the scope of the work. Safety standards and equipment have continued to improve; today, while still considered a somewhat hazardous occupation, line work is no longer as dangerous as it once was.
Duties
See also: Hot stickand Live-line working
Lineman replacing a transformer, wearing protective gear, including rubber gloves and sleeves
Power Linemen can work on either electrically energized (live) or de-energized (dead) power lines. When working with energized power lines, linemen must use protection to eliminate any contact with the energized line. Some distribution-level voltages can be worked using rubber gloves. The limit of how high a voltage can be worked using rubber gloves varies from company to company according to different safety standards (often negotiated in the union contract) and local laws. Voltages higher than those which can be worked using gloves are worked with special sticks known as hot-line tools, with which power lines can be safely handled from a distance. Linemen must also wear special rubber insulating gear when working with live wires to protect against any accidental contact with the wire. The buckets from which linemen sometimes work are also insulated using fiberglass.
Even de-energized power lines can be hazardous, owing to the complex nature of the electrical system. Even though one circuit may be ostensibly shut off, that circuit may still be conducting electricity from an interconnection with other live circuits. Thus, care must be taken to ensure that all possible sources of power to a circuit are removed. This can be especially dangerous when transformers are involved in the connection to another circuit, or one circuit is fed by more than one other circuit. For example: A higher-voltage distribution level circuit may feed several lower-voltage distribution circuits, using step down transformers. A step down transformer can also act in reverse as a step up transformer. If the higher voltage circuit is de-energized so it can be worked on, but any one of the lower-voltage circuits connected to it via a transformer remains energized, the transformer will convert the power in the lower-voltage circuit back to the higher voltage, and the h
igher voltage circuit will remain energized. This commonly occurs after destructive storms such as hurricanes have damaged the local primary lines and someone wires a generator into their house wiring incorrectly (without an isolation switch). This is known as backfeed. Another problem can arise when de-energized wires become energized through electrostatic or electromagnetic induction from energized wires in close proximity. One precaution against this is to connect all the wires in a circuit to each other and to ground before working on it, hence the saying, "if it's not grounded, it's not dead."
Incredible as it seems, live high voltage transmission lines can be worked barehanded. The lineman must be isolated from the ground by using an insulated bucket truck or other method. The lineman wears special conductive clothing which is connected to the live power line, at which point the line and the lineman are at the same potential, allowing the lineman to handle the wire safely. Such work is often done from helicopters and is considered a highly specialized area of line work; few linemen have the special training to perform it. Barehanded live-wire work can theoretically be done at any voltage, but because better protective means are available for lower voltages, it is only...
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An artificial fiber optic Christmas tree
Artificial Christmas trees are artificial pine and fir trees manufactured for the specific purpose of use as a Christmas tree. The earliest artificial Christmas trees were wooden, tree-shaped pyramids or feather trees, both developed by Germans. Most modern trees are made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) but many other types of trees have been and are available, including aluminum Christmas trees and fiber optic Christmas trees.
Contents
1 History
2 Types of artificial trees
2.1 Feathers
2.2 Brush bristles
2.3 Aluminum
2.4 Plastic
2.5 Other
3 Sales and usage
4 Environmental issues
4.1 General issues
4.2 Lead contamination
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
//
History
The first artificial Christmas trees were developed in Germany during the 19th century, though earlier examples exist. These "trees" were made using goose feathers that were dyed green. The German feather trees were one response by Germans to continued deforestation in Germany. Developed in the 1880s, the feather trees became increasingly popular during the early part of the 20th century. The German feather trees eventually made their way to the United States where they became rather popular as well. In fact, the use of natural Christmas trees in the United States was pre-dated by a type of artificial tree. These first trees were wooden, tree-shaped pyramids lit by candles, they were developed in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania by the German Moravian Church in 1747.
Types of artificial trees
Feathers
Feather Christmas trees, originally of German origin, became popular in the United States as well. Feather trees were initially made of green-dyed goose feathers which were attached to wire branches. These wire branches were then wrapped around a central dowel which acted as the trunk Feather Christmas trees ranged widely in size, from a small 2 inch tree to a large 98 inch tree sold in department stores during the 1920s. Often, the tree branches were tipped with artificial red berries which acted as candle holders. The branches were widely spaced to keep the candles from starting a fire, which allowed ample space for ornamentation. Other benefits touted for feather trees included the elimination of a trip to the tree lot and the lack of shed needles.
Brush bristles
In 1930 the U.S.-based Addis Brush Company created the first artificial Christmas tree made from brush bristles. The company used the same machinery that it used to manufacture toilet brushes. The trees were made from the same animal-hair bristles used in the brushes, save they were dyed green. For a time, the brush trees were immensely popular, with large numbers exported to Great Britain, where the trees also became popular. These brush trees offered advantages over the earlier feather trees. They could accept heavier ornamentation, and were not nearly as flammable.
Aluminum
Main article: Aluminum Christmas tree
An aluminum Christmas tree
Aluminum Christmas trees are a type of artificial tree that was made largely from aluminum. The trees were manufactured in the United States, first in Chicago in 1958, and later in Manitowoc, Wisconsin where the majority of the trees were produced. Aluminum trees were manufactured into the 1970s, and had their height of popularity from their inception until about 1965. That year A Charlie Brown Christmas aired for the first time, and its negative portrayal of aluminum Christmas trees is credited for a subsequent decline in sales.
Plastic
A PVC Christmas tree decorated with fairy lights and baubles
Most modern artificial Christmas trees are made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or other plastics. The manufacture of PVC requires petroleum and despite being plastic most artificial trees are not recyclable or biodegradable. PVC trees are fire-resistant but not incombustible. Many of these trees are made in China; from January to August 2005 $69 million worth of artificial trees from China entered the United States.
Plastic trees come in a variety of different styles. Some have become more and more lifelike over the years and may contain polyethylene in their branches for further realism. Pre-lit styles have become increasingly popular as well, including models that are "frosted" or designed for outdoor use. Plastic trees can come in a variety of different colors, and one type came with built-in speakers and an MP3 player.
Companies such as Mountain King, Barcana and the National Tree Company have marketed increasingly realistic PVC trees made to closely resemble Douglas fir, Ponderosa pine or other common types of Christmas trees. During the 1990s trees not only began to appear more realistic but some also smelled more realistic. Many of these more modern models came with pre-strung lights and hinged branches which simply had to be snapped into position.
Other
An stand-alone upside down Christmas tree
Trends in artificial tree consumption have constantly evolved and a number of designer and other types of artificial Christmas trees have appeared on the market. Fiber optic trees come in two major varieties, one resembles a traditional Christmas tree. The other type of fiber optic Christmas tree is one where the entire tree is made of wispy fiber optic cable, a tree composed entirely of light. David Gutshall, of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, received a patent for the latter type of fiber optic tree in 1998.
One Dallas-based company offers "holographic mylar" trees in many hues. Tree-shaped objects made from such materials as cardboard, glass, ceramic or other materials can be found in use as tabletop decorations.[citation needed] Upside-down artificial Christmas trees were originally introduced as a marketing gimmick; they allowed consumers to get closer to ornaments for sale in retail stores as well as opened up floor space for more products. There were three varieties of upside-down trees, those bolted to the ceiling, stand alone trees with a base, and half-trees bolted to walls.
Sales and usage
Artificial trees became increasingly popular during the late 20th century. Users of artificial Christmas trees assert that they are more convenient, and, because they are reusable, much cheaper than their natural alternative. Between 2001 and 2007 artificial Christmas tree sales jumped from 7.3 million to 17.4 million.
In 1992, in the United States, about 46 percent of homes displaying Christmas trees displayed an artificial tree. Twelve years later, a 2004 ABC News/Washington Post poll revealed that 58 percent of U.S. residents used an artificial tree instead of a natural tree. The real versus artificial tree debate has been popular in mass media through the early 21st century. The debate is a frequent topic of news articles during the Christmas holiday season. Early 21st century coverage of the debate focused on the decrease in natural Christmas tree sales, and rise in artificial tree sales over the late 1990s and early 2000s.
The rise in popularity of artificial trees did not go unnoticed by the Christmas tree farming industry in the United States. In 2004, the U.S. Christmas tree industry hired the advertising agency Smith-Harroff to spearhead an ad campaign aimed at rejuvenating lagging sales of natural trees. A 1975 poll by Michigan State University showed the reasons why consumers were beginning to prefer artificial over natural Christmas trees. The reasons included safety, one-time purchasing, and environmental responsibility but the biggest reason respondents gave pollsters was no messy needle clean up.
Environmental issues
General issues
The debate about the environmental impact of artificial trees is ongoing....
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An Ocean Transportation Intermediary (OTI) is licensed by the Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) to be an ocean freight forwarder, a non-vessel operating common carrier (NVOCC), or an ocean freight forwarder and NVOCC. This definition is provided per the FMC.
Categories: Water transport stubs
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Craftsman is a line of tools and lawn and garden equipment, owned by KCD IP, LLC (Kenmore Craftsman DieHard Intellectual Property, Limited Liability Company). The tools are sold in Sears, Kmart, and Orchard Supply Hardware stores (all three owned by Sears Holdings Corporation), as well as Fastenal, and US military Army and Air Force Exchange Service stores. The mechanics hand tools have been made by a variety of manufacturers over the years including New Britain, Moore Drop Forge, Easco, Stanley, and most recently the Danaher Corporation. Consumers have ranked the Craftsman brand second (surpassed only by Waterford crystal) in terms of quality. In 2007, Craftsman was named "America's Most Trusted Brand" and brand with "Highest Expectations". Since 1927, Craftsman has sold more hammers and other striking tools than any other brand. Craftsman is also the official tool of NASCAR.
Contents
1 History
2 Warranty
3 Legal Battles
4 References
//
History
Sears has sold its top-of-the-line hand tools under the "Craftsman" name since 1927. Their secondary line of hand tools is called simply "Sears", and according to many consumers they were of above average quality. The "Sears" tool line was discontinued around the late 1980s and replaced by the "Companion" tool line. The "Companion" tool line has also been discontinued and replaced by the "evolv" tool line, which has the same warranty as "Craftsman" with the caveat that it requires the original dated receipt to enact it. In recent years, a subset of the Craftsman line, known as "Craftsman Professional" has been introduced as a highest quality line under the Craftsman logo, and they are billed as Only The Best as a part of the Sears/Craftsman advertising campaign. In 2007, the Craftsman Brand team introduced the new tagline "There's A Craftsman In All of Us" changing the previous marque of "Craftsman makes anything possible".
Warranty
Craftsman hand tools have an unlimited lifetime warranty. This lifetime warranty program was instituted by Sears when they began selling the Craftsman line in 1927. This warranty program requires no receipt or dated proof of purchase. If the owner takes the item into a local retail store, it may be replaced or repaired free of charge. In some cases, such as ratchet wrenches, the customer may be offered a repair kit that he/she can use to repair the item. The unlimited lifetime warranty is voided if the tool is used in an industrial or commercial environment. For these situations, there is a special unlimited warranty program.
The Craftsman Unlimited Lifetime Warranty Policy is as follows:
If this Craftsman [hand tool]* ever fails to give complete satisfaction, return it to any Sears store or other Craftsman outlet in the United States for free repair or replacement. **This warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may have other rights, which vary, from state to state.
The hand tool lifetime warranty is also in effect on many Craftsman Lawn & Garden products including rakes, shovels, clippers, brooms, trowels, pruners, hoses, sprinklers, hose nozzles and other small gardening hand tools.
In 2003 Sears removed the lifetime warranty from Craftsman flashlights. Another limitation to the warranty introduced in 2003 Craftsman tape measures carry a lifetime warranty on all parts except the blade itself. Replacement blades, however, were made available for purchase from the stores to offset this policy.
The lifetime warranty does not include Craftsman power tools and precision hand tools. Craftsman portable power tools, bench power tools, air compressors, powered lawn & garden products and other powered items carry various warranties while many specialty hand tools such as torque wrenches, except beam-type torque wrenches which carry a Lifetime Warranty, and work lights carry a one year warranty. Sears offers Merchandise Replacement Agreements and Master Protection Agreements on most of their tools that extends the basic warranty. Master Protection Agreements also include yearly maintenance checks that may take place either in the home or at a local Sears repair center depending on the portability of the item. Repair Protection Agreements are available exclusively on powered Lawn & Garden products and are nearly identical to the Master Protection Agreements except lack the yearly maintenance checks.
After the merger, Kmart began selling Craftsman products and honor the hand tool lifetime warranty.
* The words "hand tool" are often replaced on the product's packaging with the actual name of the tool. i.e. wrench, hammer, or shovel.** On certain products, there is an additional sentence added into the warranty noting that it does not cover expendable parts such as replacement blades for utility knives or the tape on tape measures.
Legal Battles
Craftsman tools came under fire in 2004 in a lawsuit accusing Sears, Roebuck and Co. of false advertising and consumer fraud for questionable use of the "Made in USA" slogan. While most Craftsman hand tools are manufactured in the U.S., many power tools and accessories are manufactured overseas, sometimes with the final assembly taking place in the U.S.
References
^ Source: Nov. 2002 EquiTrend(SM) survey by Harris Interactive
^ Source: Equitrend 2007
^ source: Sears PR news
^ Suit Hits Sears Made In USA Claim
v?d?eSears Holdings Corporation
Current Management:
W. Bruce Johnson, interim CEO Edward Lampert, Chairman (major owner)
Founders:
Sebastian S. Kresge Alvah C. Roebuck Richard Sears
Retailers:
Kmart Big Kmart Super Kmart Lands' End Sears Sears Grand Sears Hardware Sears Appliance Dealer Sears Outlet Sears Parts & Repair The Great Indoors Orchard Supply Hardware Sears Canada Sears Mexico
Brands:
Craftsman DieHard Kenmore Joe Boxer Martha Stewart Everyday
Annual Revenue: ?$49.124 billion USD (2006) Employees: 355,000 (2006) Stock Symbol: NASDAQ SHLD Website: searsholdings.com
Categories: Tool manufacturers | Store brands
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(Redirected from Corn stove)
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.
A major contributor to this article appears to have a conflict of interest with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (October 2008)
Corn stoves, (also spelled as CornStoves, Corn Fireplaces), is a home heater or a small business heater that uses local renewable whole kernel shelled corn, wood pellets or multiple biomass as fuel. Local renewable whole kernel shelled corn is supplied by two million local farmers in the United States of America, or globally, in maize producing areas. Properly installed corn stoves can reduce home heating costs by 80%. A cornstove can burn biomass fuel of any type that the auger will feed such as wood pellets, soybeans, cherry seeds, orange seeds, or screened wood chips. In the event of a malfunction, Corn as a fuel will self extinguish in less than 60 seconds. Other biomass fuels like wood will continue to burn until all the fuel is gone. A biomass or wood pellet stove will not burn corn.
The cornstove has an infinitely variable controller for BTU output rate which reduces waste energy. Other types of heaters have Set Point Controls that continuously switch "off" and "on". Infinitely variable controls allow for cost effective control of relative humidity and temperature simultaneously. Here is why: A constant temperature is required to maintain a constant room relative humidity and avoid reheat cost of moist air and dry air each temperature cycle. Most heaters are actuated by the thermostat. Energy is wasted each cycle to reheat the cooled air and cool moisture in the air. Also the relative humidity is forced to swing 3% for each degree of temperature change. The steady heat output of a corn stove cost effectively maintains a precise room temperature which allows the relative humidity to be controlled precisely and exactly at the desired per cent RH. The recommended healthy 50% RH is more economical to maintain. Extra heat input is not required to raise "high
BTU" moist air to room temperature. "High BTU" moist room air that escapes through a leak or doorway is overly expensive if the room RH is greater than 50%. Dry air below 50% RH is relatively inexpensive to heat and the loss thereof through a leak, window, or doorway is relatively inconsequential to the monthly heating or air conditioning bill no matter which type HVAC system is installed.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Fuel supply
3 Styles
4 Safety
5 Environment
6 Availability
7 See also
8 References
//
Overview
A corn stove stirs the fuel during combustion. The requirement to stir corn during combustion is the one safety feature separating tennesseecornstoves from solid fuel stoves. For example, a wood pellet stove can burn the house down if the hopper full of fuel catches ablaze. Corn in a container or stove hopper is completely safe from combustion. Corn must be stirred to release the 34% hydrogen contained inside the kernel. A pellet stove does not stir the fuel as required for corn combustion. The TennesseeCornStove will burn solid biomass fuel like whole kernel shelled corn, biomass pellet fuels, wood pellets, grass, or trash. A corn stove is unique as the only stove that will burn 100% shelled corn, or mixtures of wood pellets, cherry pits, soy beans, orange seeds, lemon seeds, grape seeds, rice, or screened crushed corn cobs. It is also a stove that will burn solid fuels. that require constant stirring or constant vibration to support combustion. Once the stirring or vibratio
n of the burning fuel is eliminated, a corn flame will self extinguish within seconds. Locally renewable shelled corn is safe, clean, environmentally friendly, non-volatile, non-explosive. Corn produces no smoke (zero opacity), and very little (0.00x MMBTU)carbon dioxide. Corn combustion can be 98.6% efficient releasing five to ten gallons of solid effluent per home per year. Unique to corn stoves is the ability to safely preheat both the combustion air and fuel by safely storing the corn inside. Use inside combustion air. Vent the corn combustion exhaust effluents outside.
Corn has no [[Volatile organic compound|VOC). Corn is edible. Corn combustion will self-extinguish within 60 seconds even while applying the customary three "fat" elements required for combustion: fuel/air/temp. In addition to "FAT", (TTT) Time, Temperature and turbulence are also required for corn combustion. Corn will not burn in a bucket or in a pile but may parch, pop, or cook. Corn will not flame/explode/propagate unless properly stirred. A corn stove will burn corn, soybeans, wood, pellets, trash. A wood pellet stove will not burn corn but may permit some ratio of corn to be mixed with the wood pellets which inadvertently provide the required turbulence for the corn as the wood size is reduced by combustion.
Fuel supply
Local farms in the US raise corn, supply commercial corn demand, and compete for the local and global corn market. Corn yield can be economically controlled from 50 bushel per acre to 300 bushel per acre within two months of harvest. Eighty to 100 million acres (400,000km2) of corn are grown annually in the US alone. Over 125 million acres (510,000km2) of corn were grown annually in the US to feed farm animals and people prior to modern mechanization methods of farming.
Styles
Corn stoves are manufactured in styles not limited to free standing, fireplace insert, HVAC connected home furnace heaters, home cooking corn stove grills, and outside corn burning furnaces.
Safety
Although corn stoves have been available for several years, there have been no recorded home fires resultant from a corn stove . Home insurance rates have no added cost for using corn as a heating fuel.
Environment
Corn has been estimated by the Sierra Club to reduce global warming by annually converting a net positive 484 pounds of carbon dioxide into oxygen.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency? (EPA) test results for a Tennessee corn stove record airborne particulates of 0.001 pounds per million BTU as compared to 0.1 MMBTU for gas, 5.0 MMBTU for wood and 0.5 MMBTU for coal. A corn stove will produce approximately 5 gallons of solid potash particulate annually in a southern US city or 10 gal potash particulate annually in a 1500 sq foot home located in a northern city.
Availability
Corn stoves, corn fireplaces, corn fireplace inserts and corn grills are available in the 48 continental US states.
See also
Corn kernels
Pellet stove
Renewable heat
Wood pellets
References
^ http://www.nfpa.org
v?d?eBioenergy
Biofuels
Algae fuel ? Bagasse ? Babassu oil ? Biobutanol ? Biodiesel ? Biogas ? Biogasoline ? Cellulosic ethanol ? Ethanol fuel ? Vegetable oil
Energy crops
Chinese tallow ? Hemp ? Maize ? Rapeseed ? Sorghum bicolor ? Soybean ? Stover ? Straw ? Sugarcane ? Sunflower
Non food energy crops
Arundo ? Energy crop ? Energy forestry ? Jatropha curcas ? Miscanthus giganteus ? Switchgrass ? Wood fuel
Technology
Bioconversion ? Biomass heating systems ? Biorefinery ? Fischer-Tropsch process ? Industrial biotechnology ? Pellet mill ? Pellet stove ? Thermal depolymerization
Concepts
Cellulosic ethanol commercialization ? Energy content of biofuel ? EROEI ? Food vs fuel ? Sustainable biofuel
Categories: Heaters | Fuels | Bioenergy | Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
Hidden categories: Articles with limited geographic scope | Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2008 |...
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Viyella was a blend of wool and cotton first woven in 1893 in England, and soon to be the "first branded fabric in the world". It was made of 55 per cent merino wool and 45 per cent cotton in a twill weave, developed by James and Robert Sissons of William Hollins & Company, spinners and hosiers. The brand name, first registered as a trademark in 1894, and registered in the United States in 1907, soon covered not only the original fabric, to be sold by the yard (piece goods), but also clothing. At first this was made by separate businesses, but it was not long before Hollins started producing their own clothes and offering franchises to manufacturers who would use the Viyella label. Following increasing emphasis on garment manufacture over the years, Viyella is now a fashion brand for clothes and home furnishings made of a variety of fabrics. The original wool/cotton blend is no longer on sale.
"Following an assessment of the current economic situation and the prospects for the future, the directors have reluctantly decided that they have no alternative but to place the business into administration," the company said in a statement. 7th January 2009 statement from Viyella.
Contents
1 The fabric
2 The companies
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
//
The fabric
Viyella was a soft dress-weight fabric which was more resistant to shrinkage than any comparable pure wool alternative (challis, for example). In its early years it was marketed as a fabric which combined lightness and fashion with warmth and durability. One 1920s advertisement called it a "guaranteed unshrinkable fine wool flannel" for women who wanted both "daintiness" and "protectiveness". By the early 20th century it came in various weights and widths, some rather narrow by today's standards, and in both plain colours and woven or printed patterns, and was exported from the United Kingdom to other English-speaking countries. Towards the end of the 20th century it was woven in 150cm wide lengths suitable for modern garment design and production.
The first ready-made garments using Viyella were shirts and nightgowns, and soon came dresses, slips and other clothing, much of it produced under franchise arrangements using the Viyella trademark. It was also made into sheets, and at one time Viyella yarn was available for home knitting.
In the mid-20th century the fabric was popular for children's clothes - from babies' nightgowns to winter shirts for British schoolchildren - and for pyjamas, shirts and dresses; it became associated with sensible, cosy clothing. Officers in the British and other Commonwealth armies purchased their uniforms during the Second World War, and Viyella shirts were a desirable option for them. In the late 20th century it was 're-invented' as fashionable fabric. In 1987 The Times said it was used by designers interested in "vintage" style, like Laura Ashley, and creators of "modern classics".
Clydella was a cheaper, less soft alternative made with 81 per cent cotton, produced at factories in the Clydeside area, including Glasgow and Hamilton, where many yards of Viyella were also woven.
Hollins also produced the related Dayella cloth used especially for babies' clothes.
The companies
The name Viyella is based on the unusually-named valley road, Via Gellia, (the A5012) near Matlock, where in 1890 Hollins & Co acquired a mill used for the early production of Viyella. Hollins had started business in 1784 in Pleasley, about 20 miles away on the Derbyshire/Nottinghamshire border. Later their offices were at Viyella House in Nottingham.
After a merger in 1961, Hollins became Viyella International, led by Joe Hyman, who in the next few years acquired a series of related companies, with Viyella growing to be one of the biggest textile businesses in the UK, owning 40 factories across the country. After a few years as Carrington Viyella and then Vantona Viyella, the company owning the brand became Coats Viyella (Coats Paton, now Coats plc), who in the 1980s built a new mill to produce Viyella cloth in Barrowford, Lancashire, but this was demolished in 1999. In the 21st century much of Coats manufacturing (now specialising in thread) has been moved abroad and it is no longer possible to buy Viyella fabric. Coats underwent major restructuring in 2002 and sold off its Viyella fashion retail business (and Jaeger) to entrepreneur Richard Thompson in 2003 for ?1, who re-sold Viyella weeks later to venture capitalist Harris Watson. Viyella Ladieswear has since added home furnishings to its range of goods. The fashion c
hain entered Administration on the 7th January 2009 citing "an assessment of the current economic situation and the prospects for the future" as the cause.
As of February 6th 2009, the upmarket retailer Austin Reed had agreed to buy Viyella for an undisclosed sum.
References
The Times: Fashion: Soft touch for a romantic, 8 September 1987
The Times: Obituary of "Joe Hyman, textile magnate", 8 July 1999
Daily Telegraph: Thompson measures Austin Reed bid, 28 March 2003
Viyella history
Textiles in the Glasgow area
^ a b Times, 8 Sep 1987
^ Trade Marks Journal, 6 June 1894, cited in the Oxford English Dictionary
^ The Scotsman, 21 Nov 1927
Further reading
Stanley Pigott, Hollins: A Study of Industry (William Hollins & Co., 1949)
F.A. Wells, Hollins and Viyella (David & Charles 1968)
Textile Dictionary online
Pictures of Viyella production c.1950
Australian Women's Weekly: Viyella advertising 1946-1971
External links
Viyella
v?d?eFabric
Woven:
Barkcloth Batiste Bombazine Broadcloth Buckram Bunting Burlap Calico Cambric Canvas Chambray Charmeuse Charvet Cheesecloth Chiffon Chino Cloth of gold Duck Coutil Crape Denim Dimity Dowlas Drill Foulard Flannel Gabardine Gauze Gingham Grenadine Grenfell Cloth Haircloth Harris Tweed Hodden Irish linen Jamdani Kente cloth Lam Lawn Linsey-woolsey Loden Madras Moleskin Muslin Ninon Oilskin Organdy Organza Osnaburg Ottoman Oxford Percale Poplin Rep Ripstop Ripstop nylon Russell cord Samite Sateen Satin Scarlet Seersucker Serge Stuff Taffeta Toile Tweed Twill Viyella
Figured woven:
Brocade Camlet Damask Songket
Pile woven:
Baize Chenille Corduroy Fustian Plush Polar fleece Terrycloth Velours du Kasa? Velvet Velveteen Zibeline
Nonwoven:
Felt Nonwovens
Knitted:
Coolmax Machine knitting Velour
Netted:
Net Bobbinet Carbon fiber Fishnet Lace Mesh Needlerun Net Ninon Tulle
Technical:
Ban-Lon Gore-Tex Smartwool Silnylon Spandex SympaTex
Patterns:
Argyle Herringbone Houndstooth Paisley Plaid Tartan
Textile fibers:
Acrylic Alpaca Angora Asbestos Carbon Fiber Cashmere Catgut Chamois Coir Cotton Hemp Jute Kevlar Linen Mohair Nylon Microfibre Olefin Pashmina Polyester Pi?a Ramie Rayon Sea silk Silk Sinew Sisal Spandex Spider silk Wool
Finishing and printing:
Batik Banfini Finishing Fulling Mercerization Roller printing Textile printing Watered silk Woodblock printing
Related:
Dyeing Fiber History of textiles History of silk Knitting Pandy Terminology Manufacturing Preservation Weaving Yarn
Categories: Woven fabrics
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Nickel silver is a metal alloy of copper with nickel and often but not always zinc. It is named for its silvery appearance, but contains no elemental silver unless plated. Other common names for this alloy are German silver, paktong, new silver and alpacca (or alpaca).
Contents
1 Uses
1.1 Toxicity
2 History
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
//
Uses
Nickel silver first became popular as a base metal for silver plated cutlery and other silverware, notably the electroplated wares called EPNS (electro-plated nickel silver).
It is used in zippers, better-quality keys, costume jewellery, for making musical instruments (e.g., cymbals), and is preferred for the track in electrically powered model railway layouts as its oxide is conductive. Also, after about 1920, its use became widespread for pocketknife bolsters, due to its machinability and corrosion resistance. Prior to this point, most common was iron.
It is widely used in the production of coins (e.g. GDR marks, Portuguese escudo).
Its industrial and technical uses include marine fittings and plumbing fixtures for its corrosion resistance, and heating coils for its high electrical resistance.
It was used in the construction of the National tricone resophonic guitar. It is also used to produce the tubes (called staples) onto which oboe reeds are tied. Guitar frets are made from it, as well on mandolin, banjo, bass, etc.
Musical instruments, including the flute, saxophone, and French horn can be made of nickel silver. For example, some leading saxophone manufacturers such as Keilwerth, Selmer, P.Mauriat, Yanagisawa, and Yamaha offer saxophones made of nickel silver which possess a bright and powerful sound quality; an additional benefit is that nickel silver does not require a lacquer finish. For that reason also, it is the most commonly used woodwind keys material - most clarinets, oboes and similar wind instruments have nickel silver keys.
Toxicity
According to the Merck Manual 17th edition p56, prolonged contact of copper alloys with acidic food or beverages (including boiling milk) can leach out the copper and cause toxicity. Long term, low doses can lead to cirrhosis.
History
Nickel silver is first known in China, and was known in the west from imported wares called paktong or pakfong (??, literally "white copper") where the silvery metal colour was used to imitate sterling silver. According to Berthold Laufer, it was identical with khar sini, one of the seven metals recognized by Geber. It was discovered to be a copper-nickel-zinc alloy in the 18th century. In 1770 the Suhl (Germany) metalworks were able to produce a similar alloy and in 1823 a competition was initiated to perfect the production process by creating an alloy that possessed the closest visual similarity to silver. The brothers Henniger in Berlin and Ernst August Geitner in Schneeberg independently achieved this goal. Alpacca became a widely known name in northern Europe for nickel silver after it was used as a trademark brand by the manufacturer Berndorf. A form of German silver was also invented in Birmingham, England in 1832.
Nickel silver became widely used after 1840 with the development of electroplating, as it formed an ideal strong and bright substrate for the plating process. It was also used unplated in applications such as cheaper grades of cutlery.
See also
Cupronickel
Britannia metal
References
^ Holmyard, E. J. (1957). Alchemy, p. 80. New York: Dover.
External links
National Pollutant Inventory - Copper and compounds fact sheet
Nickel Silver, German Silver and related alloys
Categories: Nickel alloys | Copper alloys | Silver
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"Amontons" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see Amontons (crater).
"laws of friction" redirects here. For the laws of motion, see Newton's laws of motion.
Guillaume Amontons
Guillaume Amontons
Born
August 31, 1663Paris, France
Died
October 11, 1705Paris
Nationality
French
Fields
physics
Knownfor
tribology
Guillaume Amontons (August 31, 1663 - October 11, 1705) was a French scientific instrument inventor and physicist. He was one of the pioneers in tribology, apart from Leonardo da Vinci, John Theophilius Desanguliers, Leonard Euler and Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.
Contents
1 Life
2 Work
2.1 Scientific instruments
2.2 Thermodynamics
2.3 Friction
3 Amontons' Laws of Friction
3.1 Explaining Friction
3.2 Amontons First Law Explained*
3.3 Amontons Second Law Explained*
3.4 In summary
4 Honours
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Bibliography
8 External links
//
Life
Guillaume was born in Paris, France. His father was a lawyer from Normandy who had moved to the French capital. While still young, Guillaume lost his hearing, which may have motivated him to focus entirely on science. He never attended a university, but was able to study mathematics, the physical sciences, and celestial mechanics. He also spent time studying the skills of drawing, surveying, and architecture.
He died in Paris, France.
Work
He was supported in his research career by the government, and was employed in various public works projects.
Scientific instruments
Among his contributions to scientific instrumentation were improvements to the barometer (1695), hygrometer (1687), and thermometer (1695), particularly for use of these instruments at sea. He also demonstrated an optical telegraph and proposed the use of his clepsydra (water clock) for keeping time on a ship at sea.
Thermodynamics
Amontons investigated the relationship between pressure and temperature in gases though he lacked accurate and precise thermometers. Though his results were at best semi-quantitative, he established that the pressure of a gas increases by roughly one-third between the temperatures of cold and the boiling point of water. This was a substantial step towards the subsequent gas laws and, in particular, Charles's law.
His work led him to speculate that a sufficient reduction in temperature would lead to the disappearance of pressure. Thus, he is the first researcher to discuss the concept of an absolute zero of temperature, a concept later extended and rationalised by William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin.
Friction
In 1699, Amontons published his rediscovery of the laws of friction first put forward by Leonardo da Vinci. Though they were received with some scepticism, the laws were verified by Charles-Augustin de Coulomb in 1781.
Amontons' Laws of Friction
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)) can be named as the father of modern tribology as he studied an incredible manifold of tribological subtopics such as: friction, wear, bearing materials, plain bearings, lubrication systems, gears, screw-jacks, and rolling-element bearings. 150 years before Amontons' Laws of Friction were introduced, he had already recorded them in his manuscripts. Hidden or lost for centuries, Leonardo da Vinci's manuscripts were read in Spain a quarter of a millennium later.
Amontons' Laws of Friction were first recorded in books during the late 17th century.
There 3 laws of friction are:
1. The force of friction is directly proportional to the applied load. (Amontons 1st Law)
2. The force of friction is independent of the apparent area of contact. (Amontons 2nd Law)
3. Kinetic friction is independent of the sliding velocity. (Coulomb's Law)
NOTE: These 3 laws only apply to dry friction, in which the addition of a lubricant modifies the tribological properties signifiantly.
Explaining Friction
By looking at any surface on the microscopic level, one would find that it is never perfectly flat. There would exist many tiny bumps and craters, due to imperfections on the surface and the alignment of molecules. (The skin does not feel the bumps and craters because they are too small to be detected.) Considering a smooth stone on a smooth flat road, the two surfaces would be still in contact, but only at a few points (the bumps do fot fit exactly into the craters). Due to electrostatic forces of repulsion between the atoms(nuclei and nuclei)[citation needed] of the stone and the road, the road will exert a force on the stone, and the stone will exert a force on the road (normal contact forces). The NET force exerted on the stone would be the NORMAL contact force.
If net external forces cause the stone to move to the RIGHT, the forces that the road exert on the stone would be slightly skewed to the LEFT, thus the net force will be pointing UP but LEFTWARD (tilted contact force). As the vertical component of the net force is the normal contact force, the extra horizontal leftward component of the force would therefore be the FRICTIONAL force. (Note: friction OPPOSES motion)
Amontons First Law Explained*
Suppose the stone had a greater mass (hence greater weight as g=constant). The stone would then:
exert a greater force on the road (the increased load causes the separation distance of the nuclei to decrease, force of repulsion becomes stronger(inverse-square law) ), AND
more of the atoms of the road and the stone would be in contact.
Hence, when the stone is moved, a greater frictional force would be produced (more areas of contact means that more forces can be skewed, producing more horizontal components of the contact forces).
Amontons law applies to any 2 surfaces, regardless of their orientation. (e.g. pressing a brick against the ceiling, etc.)
NOTE: Applied load means the normal contact force acting on the stone. That is, if the stone is being pushed down harder while it was trying to move, the force acting on the ground increases, and hence the force of the ground acting on the stone (normal contact) increases. This means that more force is required to move the stone across the ground. (frictional force increase)
Amontons Second Law Explained*
What this law means is that if two equal masses made of similar material are resting on the same surface with DIFFERENT SURFACES AREAS OF CONTACT, they would require the SAME AMOUNT of FORCE to start moving (overcome static friction) and to move at constant speed+.
To put it in another way: considering 2 equal masses, and the area in contact in situation A is greater than in situation B. This only means that in situation A, the load is distributed across a greater area then in situation B. However, the applied load is still the same! Thus to move both masses, we would require the same amount of applied force to overcome friction. (Amontons First Law)
+ To maintain constant speed, net force has to be 0N. Assuming no drag forces,
In summary
Through studies and experimental observations on the properties of friction, a relationship between frictional force and normal contact force was established:
,
where ? is the coefficient of friction and N is the normal contact force.
This is as predicted by Amontons' two laws, where Ffric depends only on the normal contact force (reaction pair of the applied load), and is independent of the surface area in contact.
However, exceptions to Amontons' Law have been observed in various nanometric scenarios. For example, when two surfaces get close enough such that molecular interactions and atomic forces come into play, the two surfaces are attracted together and form what was known as 'negative load'.
..
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Louis Marx
Born
August 11, 1896(1896-08-11)Brooklyn, New York
Died
February 5, 1982 (aged85)White Plains, New York
Restingplace
Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx
Years active
19191972
Louis Marx (August 11, 1896ebruary 5, 1982) was an American toy maker and businessman whose company, Louis Marx and Company was the largest toy company in the world in the 1950s. Marx was described as an intense, hard-driving, and energetic man, who "[T]alks, walks, and gestures tirelessly, like one of his own wound-up toys."
Marx was known by numerous nicknames, including "Toycoon," "the Henry Ford of the toy industry," "the hawk of the toy industry," and "the toy king of America."
Biography
Born in Brooklyn, New York to German parents, Marx graduated high school at age 15 and started his career working for Ferdinand Strauss, a manufacturer of mechanical toys. By 1916, Marx was managing Strauss' East Rutherford, New Jersey plant. But within a year, Marx was fired by Strauss' board of directors over a disagreement about sales practices.
Marx then entered the United States Army as a private and attained the rank of sergeant before returning to civilian life in 1918. Marx's passion for the Army was reflected throughout his life; most of Marx's military toys represented Army equipment, and Marx would make a practice of befriending generals and naming his sons after them.
Following military service, Marx then went to work for a manufacturer of wood toys, redesigned the product line, and increased the company's sales tenfold.
In 1919 Marx and his brother David incorporated, founding the company that bore his name. Initially working as a middle man, Marx was soon able to purchase tooling to manufacture toys himself. When Strauss fell on hard financial times, Marx was able to buy the dies for two Strauss toys and turn them into best-sellers. By age 26, three years after founding his company, Marx was a millionaire.
By utilizing techniques of mass production and reusing old designs as much as possible - Marx utilized some of his toy train tooling developed in the early 1930s until 1972 - Marx was able to sell a broad line of inexpensive toys.
By 1951, Marx's company had 12 factories worldwide and for much of the 1950s it was the largest toy manufacturer in the world adding most of the success to Sears, Roebuck catalog sales and the many themed playsets available. As World War II drew to a close, Marx had toured Europe and acted as a consultant on how toy manufacturing could aid reconstruction efforts. Marx used the contacts he made in this manner to forge partnerships and open factories in Europe and Japan. Marx was featured on the cover of the December 12, 1955 issue of Time Magazine, his likeness surrounded by examples of his toys.
Marx's first wife, Renee, died of breast cancer at age 33. His second wife, a secretary at his company, was 28 years his junior.
The mausoleum of Louis Marx in Woodlawn Cemetery
Marx's daughter, Patricia, was born in 1938. She went on to become an author and activist and married Daniel Ellsberg, of Pentagon Papers fame. Marx, who had been a strident anti-Communist and was an admirer of Richard Nixon, regarded Ellsberg as a traitor.
Marx's son, Louis Marx Junior, is a venture capitalist. He seems to be a philanthropist who has contributed to the arts, education and medicine.
Marx retired in 1972, selling his company to Quaker Oats for $54 million. Marx was 76 years old and his company had been declining. The decline has variously been blamed on the company's slowness to develop electronic toys and on Marx's unwillingness to employ salesmen for fear of someone else repeating his early experience with Strauss.
Louis Marx died in a hospital in White Plains, New York at age 85. He is interred in a private mausoleum in Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York.
References
Matzke, Eric (1985) Greenberg's Guide to Marx Trains, 2nd Edition. Greenberg Publishing Company, 1985. ISBN 0-89778-026-4.
Wells, Tom (2001). Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg. Palgrave. ISBN 0-312-17719-4.
Persondata
NAME
Marx, Louis
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION
American businessman
DATE OF BIRTH
11 August, 1896
PLACE OF BIRTH
Brooklyn, New York
DATE OF DEATH
5 February 1982
PLACE OF DEATH
White Plains, New York
Categories: 1896 births | 1982 deaths | American businesspeople | American inventors | Jewish inventors | American military personnel of World War I | People from Brooklyn | Toy inventors
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Meanies Logo
A Meanie is a small stuffed animal made by Topkat LLC, starting in 1997 and lasting until 2000. A Meanie is a type of bean bag in the form of a stuffed animal toy.
Contents
1 Beanie Fad
2 Standard Releases
3 Infamous Meanies
4 Teeny Weeny Meanies
5 Shocking Stuffers
6 Farce Wars
7 Scare Bears
8 Meanies Valentines
9 Twisted Toys
10 Meanies "At Large"
11 Special Giveaways
12 See also
13 External links
//
Beanie Fad
Meanies were first released in 1997 with a 12 animal run, with a 13th available if you mailed the tags from the entire collection. They were an attempt by The Idea Factory Inc, now known as Topkat LLC, to capitalize on the Beanie Baby fad by providing a humorous and hipper alternative to collectors and a younger crowd. They were mildly successful for a short time, but came around at the tail end of the beanie fad, which ended around 1999. As with beanie babies, their value was much higher during their popular days with prices on eBay getting 5-8 dollars for the standard releases and much higher for the promotional giveaways. The most expensive and sought after Meanie was Pirate Jack, a pumpkin with an eye patch given away at Madison Square Garden on Halloween. There was a black and red eye-patched version, both fetching around 100 dollars in auctions during the beanie craze. As of July 2007, Meanies now sell for very little, with most going for around a dollar.
Standard Releases
There were 3 standard series releases of Meanies. Each was comprised of 12 animals, except for Series III, which had only 7.
Series I
- Otis The Octopunk(Silver Ring-Marked Oi!)- Otis The Octopunk(Silver Ring-Marked O!i)- Otis The Octopunk(Gold Ring)- Sledge The Hammered Head Shark(Five Gills)- Sledge The Hammered Head Shark(Six Gills)- Fi & Do the Dalmutation- Boris The Mucousaurus(Dark Green)- Boris The Mucousaurus(Light Green)- Hurly The Pukin' Toucan- Matt The Fat Bat- Navy Seal- Snake Eyes Jake- Splat The Road Kill Kat- Bart The Elephant- Armydillo Dan- Peter Gotta Peagull
There were two production runs of Series I, with the second eliminating the free mystery Meanie offer contained on the first tags. The first run plushes were typically a little more furry and of slightly different color than the second run.
Series II
- Floaty The Fish- Bare Bear(Pink Lips-Sans Nipples)- Bare Bear(Red Lips-With Nipples)- Velocicrapper- Donnie Didn't Duck- Lucky The Rabbit(Shiny Slick Nose)- Lucky The Rabbit(Red Flocked Nose)- Lucky the Rabbit(Peach not Tan)- PreemieChickie- Peeping Tom Cat(Without Pupils)- Peeping Tom Cat(With Pupils)- Chicken Pox- Bessie Got Milked- Burny The Bear- Digger The Snottish Terrier- Phlemingo
Like Series I, Series II did a second production run as well, although they are identical to the first except for a few subtle differences. The second run of the series added nipples to Bare Bear and pupils to the ends of the binoculars on Peeping Tom Cat.
Series III
- Bad Hare Day- Dog Eat Dog- John Deer- No Brainer- The Grim Beaver- Tied The Bear(White Rope)- Tied The Bear(Black Rope, Limited To 15,000)- Si & Mia The Siamese Cat
This series improved the quality and size of the plush dolls considerably. They were more detailed and featured more varied types of fabrics than the other runs.
Infamous Meanies
Infamous Meanies were funny takes on celebrities. These were arguably the most popular line, and they helped to bring awareness of the other lines to the masses. The first series mocked the Clinton affair and the Mike Tyson ear-biting incident. After the popularity of the first line, a second was released featuring a wider range of celebrities, and making fun of them individually instead of scandals they were associated with.
Series I featured a second production run that changed the color of Bull Clinton's tie from red to blue, and the color of Buddy The Dog from light brown to dark brown.
Series I
- Bull Clinton(Red Tie)- Bull Clinton(Blue Tie)- Buddy The Dog(Light Brown)- Buddy The Dog(Dark Brown)- Donkeyng- Mike Bison- The Codfather
For Series II there was also a second run with a few variations on the characters. Dennis Rodmantis' shoes originally had dots on the sides, but this was changed to the Idea Factory logo in the second release. Also the feet and hands for Mallard Stern and Quack Nicholson went from orange to red in the second issue.
Series II
- Dennis Rodmantis(Dots on shoes)- Dennis Rodmantis(IF on shoes)- Moodonna- Mallard Stern(Red Feet)- Mallard Stern(Orange Feet)- Mick Jaguar- Quack Nicholson(Red Feet)- Quack Nicholson(Orange Feet)- Jerry Stinger
Teeny Weeny Meanies
Keychain versions of 9 of the Series I Meanies were made available at 7-Eleven stores in 1998. They were small versions of the characters on a small chain with a standard keychain clasp.
Armydillo Dan
Bart The Elephant
Boris The Mucousaurus
Fi & Do The Dalmutation
Hurley The Pukin' Toucan
Matt The Fat Bat
Otis The Octopunk
Peter Gotta Peegul
Splat The Road Kill Kat
Shocking Stuffers
During the holiday season for two years, they released a line called Shocking Stuffers that featured funny Christmas characters.
Series I
- Cold Turkey- Slushy The Snowman(red ribbon around brim of hat)- Splat In The Hat
Series II
- Insanity Claus- Cat In Lights- Missletoad- Slushy The Snowman(Plaid ribbon around brim of hat, added a pipe in mouth and mistletoe on hat)
Farce Wars
In an attempt to capitalize on the hype surrounding Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace Topkat put out a series of characters from the film as humorous animals. There were 6 characters in this series.
Series I
- Queen Armadillo- Slobba The Mutt- Dark Mole- Anteater Dirtwalker- Goata- Dark Gator
Scare Bears
During Halloween one year Topkat released a set of 3 bears dressed at famous movie monsters. This line was different from other Meanie releases in that they were not humorous or different animals.
Scare Bears
- Dracubear- Bearwitched- Frankenbear
Meanies Valentines
During Valentine's Day one year there was a release of 3 Meanies with a love-related theme. There was a special limited edition Heartless Bear also made available in red instead of the normal white. It was limited to 7,500.
Meanies Valentines
- Heartless Bear- Heartless Bear(Red- Limited Edition)- Stupid Cupig- Got Lucky
Twisted Toys
In 1999, there was a small series of Meanies released to lampoon popular toys of the time. This run was short and similar to the Meanies Valentines, in that they put out a limited edition orange version of Teletushy limited to 15,000.
Twisted Toys
- Teletushy(Purple)- Teletushy(Orange- Limited Edition)- Dopeymon- No-Fur-Bee
Meanies "At Large"
A few of the Meanies were made in a larger version in the Meanies "At Large" Series.
AT LARGE
- Bart the Elephart- Lucky the Rabbit- Splat the Roadkill Kat- Burny the Bear- Tied the Bear
Special Giveaways
Some special edition Meanies were given away as collectibles at arena events such as basketball games. They were animal versions of players for the home team, which was either the New Jersey Nets or Philadelphia 76ers. These stadium giveaways were the most valuable and sought after meanies due to their rarity.
Basketball Meanies
- Matt Tiger- Alien Iverson(All-Star Jersey)- Alien Iverson(76ers Jersey)- Keith Van Hornet- Bison Williams- Stephon Marbeary
Madison Square Garden Halloween
- Pirate Jack(Red Eye-Patch, Limited To 1,250)- Pirate Jack(Black Eye-Patch)
Other meanies were mail-away offers where you could send in...
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ZIM Container ship in Istanbul
The Colombo Express, one of the largest container ships in the world, owned and operated by Hapag-Lloyd of Germany
Container ships are cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size containers, in a technique called containerization. They form a common means of commercial intermodal freight transport.
Contents
1 History
2 Construction
3 Shipyards
4 Risk
5 Specifications
6 Future
7 Largest ships
8 Busiest ports of call
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
//
History
The earliest container ships were converted tankers, built up from surplus T2 tankers after World War II. In 1951 the first purpose-built container vessels began operating in Denmark, and between Seattle and Alaska. On November 26, 1955 the purpose-built container ship Clifford J. Rodgers, carried 600 containers between North Vancouver, British Columbia and Skagway, Alaska.
The first purpose-built container ship in the United States was the Ideal-X , a T2 tanker, owned by Malcom McLean, which carried 58 metal containers between Newark, New Jersey and Houston, Texas on its first voyage, in April 1956.
Today, approximately 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide is transported by container, and modern container ships can carry up to 15,000twenty-foot equivalent units(TEU). As a class, container ships now rival crude oil tankers and bulk carriers as the largest commercial vessels on the ocean.
Construction
Container ship "CMA CGM Balzac" in the port of Zeebrugge Belgium.
Container ships are designed so that no space is wasted. Capacity is measured in Twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU), the number of standard 20-foot containers measuring 20 8.0 8.5 feet (6.1 2.4 2.6 metres) a vessel can carry. This not withstanding, most containers used today measure 40 feet (12 metres) in length. Above a certain size, container ships do not carry their own loading gear, so loading and unloading can only be done at ports with the necessary cranes. However, smaller ships with capacities up to 2,900TEU are often equipped with their own cranes.
Informally known as "box boats," they carry the majority of the world's dry cargo, meaning manufactured goods. Cargoes like metal ores or coal or wheat are carried in bulk carriers. There are large main line vessels that ply the deep sea routes, then many small "feeder" ships that supply the large ships at centralized hub ports. Most container ships are propelled by diesel engines, and have crews of between 20 and 40 people. They generally have a large accommodation block at the stern, near the engine room. Container ships now carry up to 15,000TEU (approximately equivalent to 35 100-car double-stack intermodal freight trains) on a voyage. The world's largest container ship, the M/V Emma M?rsk has a capacity of 15,200 containers.
In 2008 the South Korean shipbuilder STX announced plans to construct a container ship capable of carrying 22,000TEU, and with a proposed length of 450 metres and a beam of 60 metres. If constructed, the container ship would become the largest seagoing vessel in the world.
Shipyards
Container fleet in 2006
Large container ships (over 7,000TEU) have been built in the following shipyards:
Odense Steel Shipyard, Denmark
Hyundai Heavy Industries, South Korea
Samsung Heavy Industries, South Korea
Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering Co., Ltd, South Korea
IHI, Kure, Japan
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Nagasaki, Japan
Hudong-Zhonghua Shipbuilding, Shanghai, China
Risk
Container ship "Rita" loading at Copenhagen with crew on deck.
The ceaseless transit of these containers (at any given time, between 5 million and 6 million units)[citation needed] entails a great deal of risk.
Some of the risks are linked to the loading and unloading of containers. The risks involved in these operations affect both the cargo being moved onto or off the ship, as well as the ship itself. Containers, due to their fairly nondescript nature and the sheer number handled in major ports, require complex organization to ensure they are not lost, stolen or misrouted. In addition, as the containers and the cargo they contain make up the vast majority of the total weight of a cargo ship, the loading and unloading is a delicate balancing act, as it directly affects the centre of mass for the whole ship. There have been some instances of poorly-loaded ships capsizing at the pier as a result.[citation needed]
Maneuvers in coastal waters and ports managed in the wheel house may be dangerous, as evidenced by a container ship hitting the San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge on November 7, 2007.
It has been estimated that container ships lose over 10,000 containers at sea each year. Most go overboard on the open sea during storms but there are some examples of whole ships being lost with their cargo.[citation needed] When containers are dropped, they immediately become an environmental threat termed "marine debris".
Specifications
A container ship loading freight at the Mundra Port in India.
Cargo too large to carry in containers can be handled using flat racks, open top containers and platforms. There are also container ships called roll-on/roll-off (RORO), which utilize shore-based ramp systems for loading and unloading. ROROs are usually associated with shorter trade routes, as they are unable to carry the volume of crane-based container vessels. However, due to their flexibility and high speed, ROROs are frequently used in today's container markets.[citation needed]
Future
Economies of scale have dictated an upward trend in sizes of container ships in order to reduce costs. One limit on ship size is the "Suezmax" standard, or the largest theoretical ship capable of passing through the Suez Canal, which measures 14,000TEU. Such a vessel would displace 137,000metric tons deadweight (DWT), be 400 meters long, more than 50 meters wide, have a draft of nearly 15 metres, and use more than 85 MW (113,987hp) to achieve 25.5 knots, specifications met by the Emma M?rsk.
Beyond Suezmax lies the "Malaccamax" (for Straits of Malacca) ship of 18,000TEU, displacing 300,000DWT, 470 meters long, 60 meters wide, 16 meters of draft, and using more than 100 MW (134,102hp) for 25.5 knots. This is most likely the limit before a major restructuring of world container trade routes. The biggest constraint of this design, the absence of a capable single engine, has been overcome by the MAN B&W K108ME-C.
The ultimate problem was the absence of a manufacturer capable of producing the propeller needed for transmitting this power, which would be about 10 metres in diameter, and weigh 130 tonnes. One has since been built for the Emma M?rsk by Mecklenburger Metallguss GmbH in Waren, Germany. Other constraints, such as time in port and flexibility of service routes are similar to the constraints that eventually limited the growth in size of supertankers.
Largest ships
Main article: List of largest container ships
Ten Biggest Container Ship Classes, listed by TEU capacity
Built
Name
Sisterships
Length o.a.
Beam
Maximum TEU
GT
Owners
Flag
2006
Emma M?rsk
7
397.7 m
56.4 m
15,200
151,687
Maersk Line
Denmark
2008
CMA CGM Thalassa
1
346.5 m
45.6 m
10,960
128,600
CMA CGM
Cyprus
2005
Gudrun M?rsk
5
367.3 m
42.8 m
10,150
97,933
Maersk Line
Denmark
2006
Xin Los Angeles
6
336.7 m
45.6 m
9,600
107,200
CSCL
Hong Kong
2006
COSCO...
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Lipik
Lipik
Lipik (Croatia)
County
Po?ega-Slavonia
Location
4525?N 1709?E? / ?45.41 17.15? / 45.41; 17.15
Mayor
Stjepan Horvat (HDZ)
Population(2001)
6,674 (municipality)
Time zone(UTC)
UTC+1 Central European Time
Lipik is a town in western Slavonia, Croatia in the Po?ega-Slavonia county.
History
Lipik was occupied by Ottoman forces along with other cities in Croatia until its liberation in 1691. In 1773, the warm waters of Lipik were described favorably by a Vara?din doctor. It continued to be used as a treatment spa for over a century, and in 1872, the first hotel was opened in the town. By 1920 the number of hotels grew to six. Spa treatment is still the major focus of economy for the town.
Attractions
A town and famous health resort at the foot of the western slopes of Psunj Mountain. Thermal water springs underlie the development of health tourism. Water temperature at the source reaches up to 60 and the daily capacity is 1,500,000 litres. This alkaline water is rich in fluorine, sodium and calcium, and suitable for treatment of locomotory system disorders, heart diseases, vascular diseases, sciatica, lumbago, multiple sclerosis, etc. Medicinal mud is also used in treatment. Mineral water is used for drinking, and offered on the market under the brand name "Lipi?ki Studenac".
The buildings of the health complex with the park are now under reconstruction.
External links
Official site
v?d?eMunicipalities of Po?ega-Slavonia County
Cities and towns
Po?ega Lipik Pakrac Pleternica
Municipalities
Brestovac ?aglin Jak?i? Kaptol Kutjevo Velika
Coordinates: 4525?N 1709?E? / ?45.417 17.15? / 45.417; 17.15
This Croatian geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Slavonia | Cities and towns in Croatia | Croatia geography stubs
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Visual Planet Ltd
Type
Ltd
Founded
2001
Headquarters
Trumpington, Cambridgeshire, England
Key people
Vernon Spencer, MD and FounderMike Cole, Co-Owner
Products
Touch Screen Foils (ViP InteractiveFoils)Thru-window Touch ApplicationsInteractive Rear Projection ScreensDigital SignageCorporate Communication Solutions
Website
www.visualplanet.biz
Visual Planet Ltd specialises in the manufacture and global distribution of Projected Capacitance Interactive Touch Screen foils, which are designed to be used in a wide variety of Touch Screen applications from through-window touch to direct integration into LCD Screens. From its headquarters in Cambridge, England, the company distributes products to an international network of resellers allowing Visual Planet to have a prominent position in the touch screen market.
Contents
1 History
2 Products
2.1 ViP Interactive Foil
2.1.1 Projected Capacitance
2.1.2 Electronic Control Boards
2.1.3 Thru-Window Touch
2.1.4 Interactive Projection and LCD Screens
3 The Gadget Show
3.1 Future Technology
4 Awards
5 "Because it's a Visual World"
6 References
7 External links
//
History
In 2001 the company was founded after noticing the potential to allow customer access to information after high street closing hours. Main activities included sourcing and developing components and technologies for through window interactive solutions. Dominant activities presently include the manufacture of Projected Capacitance Touch Screen Foils and distribution to a now established group of global resellers. In 2006 the company moved headquarters to Cambridge, UK. Between 2006 and 2007 Visual Planet's turnover had doubled and the company now has over 100 dealers in major markets around the world who are prominent in the Digital Signage and Touch Screen markets. The company main focus has progressed from a service-orientated company to that of a Touch Screen Foil manufacturer and global distributor.
2008 saw a 60% growth in sales driven by an increase in the deployment of the ViP Interactive Foil within all market sectors, business, retail, exhibitions, high public footfall areas and Digital out of Home advertising. In 2009 Visual Planet expects another year of growth as the market for touch and interactive solutions expands.
Products
ViP Interactive Foil
Visual Planet's ViP Touch Screen Foil
Visual Planet's Projected Capacitance Interactive Touch Screen Foil known globally as the iP Interactive Foil can be applied to and work through any non-metallic surface and create a fully functional touch screen. The foils can be built into glass partitions, doors, furniture, external windows, and street signage.
Projected Capacitance
Projected Capacitance is used to allow interactivity through any non-metallic surface and involves the relationship between a conductive pad and a third object. In Touch Screen applications, the third object can be a human finger. Capacitance forms between the user's fingers and the wires in the conductive pad. The ViP Interactive Foil is made up of a clear laminated plastic foil with an XY array of sensing wires. These wires are connected to a controller. Once a touch is made, the change in capacitance is detected and the X and Y coordinates are calculated. Sizes of the foil vary from 30 - 116", in either 4:3 or 16:9 format. The company's customers can choose the position of the electronic components. When applied to glass, the ViP Touch Screen Foil can be programmed for different thickness of glass and also used with gloved hands.
Electronic Control Boards
From 2009 onwards the ViP Interactive Foil is available with a choice of three electronic control boards. These are Serial, USB, or USB Removable. The Serial and USB boards are fixed to the ViP Interactive Foil's active touch area. The USB Removable can be detached from the ViP Interactive Foil and secured into position once the touch screen is fully installed. All boards are compatible with the full range of ViP Interactive Foils up to 116". The Serial version of the electronic control board is also available with MAC Computers.
Thru-Window Touch
The Touch Screen Foil can be applied directly to a window or a glass sheet. A rear projection screen or LCD can then be mounted behind the Touch Screen Foil to create a through-window/glass touch experience. The Touch Screen Foil can be permanently mounted or mounted with the intention of later removal. With the Touch Screen Foil being applied one side of the glass, and the user being the other side, the controller and electronics are completely safe from vandalism and weather conditions. The electronics can be programmed for different thicknesses of glass up to 25mm thick.
Interactive Projection and LCD Screens
The Touch Screen Foil can be applied to holographic and high contrast diffusion screens to provide large dynamic information displays. To turn any standard LCD from a passive display into an interactive touch screen simply apply the Touch Screen Foil on to a glass or acrylic sheet, it can then be used as a Touch screen overlay or integrated directly into a LCD.
The Gadget Show
Future Technology
On 17th December, 2007, the ViP Interactive Foil appeared on British Television via 5's, The Gadget Show. The show's presenter, Jon Bentley visited Visual Planet and with his crew, filmed various stages of the production process. During the eighth and final episode of series 7, the ViP InteractiveFoil featured alongside companies such as Microsoft and BT in the "Future Tech" section showing how R&D departments are contributing to the future technology of gadgets. This particular Winter Special episode also reviewed products such as Watches, Personal Media Players, and Batteries. This was Visual Planet's first appearance on television.
Awards
The company has won a variety of awards including the British Computer Society (BCS), award for its innovative technology. When received in 2006, Visual Planet's ViP InteractiveFoil had been sold through a network of 60 added value resellers across the world. In 2003 Visual Planet won awards at the Nabarro Nathanson Technology Industry Awards in two of the eight categories. These were "Most Innovative Project", and "Most Innovative use of Technology in a Project". Further to this, 2003 saw Visual Planet claim the "Personalised Information Product Award" at the Information Management Awards for the most exciting and innovative new product that enables the delivery or personalised information in a business or home environment.
"Because it's a Visual World"
"Because it's a Visual World" is the current slogan for Visual Planet with reference to the visual solutions that the company and the Touch Screen Foils offer, on a global scale. The phrase features on the company logo, other literature such as letterheads, brochure inserts, and on the company website. There is also reference to Visual Planet's connection with partners both on a worldwide basis, and those who address the Retail, Corporate, Entertainment, Education, and Local Authority industries. The technology provides solutions already widely used in shops, offices, libraries, and public spaces worldwide.
References
^ East of England Business Awards The New Facility - businessweekly.co.uk
^ Interactive Store Window Centrepiece at In-Store - 3m.co.uk
^ Weathermen in Touch Ultra-large Screen Sizes - cambridgenetwork.co.uk
^ Lewisham Library & Information Service World First for Library - cambridgenetwork.co.uk
^ British Council Innovate to Communicate - cambridgenetwork.co.uk
^ The Gadget Show Future Tech - gadgetshow.five.tv
^ BCS Innovation...
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(Redirected from Flying Rings)
Flying rings was a gymnastic event similar to still rings, but with the performer gripping a pair of rings, approximately shoulder width apart, and swinging - from the point of suspension of the rings - while executing a series of stunts.
Dislocate at end of front swing
Contents
1 Apparatus
2 History
3 The Performance
4 Safety features
5 Spectator appeal
6 References
//
Apparatus
Whereas still rings are now suspended from a support almost 19 feet above the floor, flying rings also used as still rings in the past were on cables up to 22 feet in length - the extra four feet allowing the gymnast to swing through an impressive arc. The rings themselves were at times larger and heavier than competition still rings today, designed on a steel core covered by rubber or leather.
History
There is some evidence that the event took place in an international contest in the late 1800s, if not earlier. Records from Princeton University indicate one of its students, H. G. Otis, won the Eastern Intercollegiate Championships in flying rings in 1902. In America, the event persisted on a regular basis in both NCAA and AAU gymnastic competitions until the early 1960s, when those governing bodies eliminated the flying rings in future meets in an effort to correlate apparatus and performances with those in the modern Olympic Games. Another reason flying rings was removed from intercollegiate competitions is the dangerous nature of the event, with the gymnast soaring to a height of 15 feet or so at each end of a swing. Frank Snay, of Navy, was the last winner in the NCAA event in 1961. It is difficult to ascertain if flying rings ever existed in the Olympic Games, for records occasionally cite medalists in "flying rings" when in fact the event may have been the still rings
.
The Performance
To start a routine, the gymnast jumped or was lifted until he could grasp the rings; then an assistant pulled or pushed him, starting his swing. At the end of each arc the gymnast would do pikes, dislocates or front or back-uprises to build up height. A typical routine would show a number of "flying" dislocates or inlocates (a dislocate leading directly to a support above the rings or a handstand was called a flange). The performer might also do additional moves typical of the still rings while in flight, such as a flying cross. After several passes the routine would end with a (usually) spectacular dismount, normally off a front swing - with fellow gymnasts in place, prepared to help break a fall if the move failed.
Safety features
No nets or other safety devices, apart from standard gym mats, were used in competition, although, when training, gymnasts frequently used a flying mechanic (a suspended support rig).
Spectator appeal
Flying rings was very popular with spectators, for it had the unmistakable aura of a daring circus performance. Gymnasts at Santa Monica Muscle Beach, California would frequently do astounding dismounts from a great height.
References
"Complete Book of Gymnastics" by N. Loken & R. Willoughby, (1959) Prentice-Hall, Inc.
NCAA Sports Records
HIstory of Gymnastic Judging
Categories: Gymnastics apparatus
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K-Line Electric Trains is a brand name of O gauge and S gauge model railway locomotives, rolling stock, and buildings. Formerly the brand name under which Chapel Hill, North Carolina-based MDK Inc., based in Chapel Hill, North Carolina sold its products, K-Line is now owned by Sanda Kan, a Chinese toy manufacturer that formerly acted as K-Line's subcontractor. Sanda Kan has licensed the use of the K-Line brand and intellectual property to Lionel.
MDK was founded in 1975 by Maury D. Klein. Like competitor MTH Electric Trains, MDK was a large Lionel dealer, and its mail-order ads appeared in magazines such as Model Railroader in the late 1970s. MDK first used the K-Line name on a line of aftermarket Lionel-compatible tubular track as well as a copy of the A.C. Gilbert American Flyer line of two-rail S-Gauge track which Maury Klein acquired at Gilbert's demise.
Louis Marx and Company's final demise in 1978 led to MDK increasing the K-Line product line. In 1980, MDK purchased the tooling for Marx's Plasticville-like Marxville buildings and accessories for train sets at bankruptcy. K-Line was able to recover additional Marx tooling by scavenging through old factories and warehouses. In an oft-repeated story, Maury Klein and his plant manager, Brent Chambers, found the molds for the Marx model 333 and 1829 4-6-2 locomotives in a dilapidated Fisher-Price warehouse near Buffalo, New York in 1984. The warehouse was unlighted, unheated, and was missing part of its roof.
By 1985, K-Line was producing O27 locomotives, cars, and figures from former Marx and Kusan tooling, and, with minor changes, began marketing them under the K-Line brand, competing with Lionel at the low end of the market. The dies mostly remained unchanged, with only the branding changing--for example, "Marxville" plastic buildings became "K-Lineville". K-Line changed the couplers on the Marx-derived trains to make the cars compatible with Lionel, and, eventually, improved the graphics.
During the 1980s, K-Line filled much the same role that Marx had in the model railroading arena, supplying similar trains at a lower price than Lionel, but with less prestige. In the 1990s, K-Line was able to purchase more disused tooling from other manufacturers, allowing it to offer full-size O gauge for the first time, which it supplemented with pricier O gauge locomotives and rolling stock of its own design, shifting its emphasis away from its budget offerings.
K-Line's S gauge offerings are a recent entry, providing budget-priced cars as well as the already produced track compatible with American Flyer-brand trains. Unlike its current O gauge products, K-Line's marketing on its S gauge cars centers its price advantage over the competition. Most of the S gauge products are made from old Marx O27 molds, with S gauge trucks replacing the O trucks.
K-Line and Lionel were known to criticize one another's offerings in print advertisements, and the two companies challenged one another in court as well. The two companies settled the suit on August 10, with K-Line agreeing to withdraw the infringing products by January 31, 2006 and paying a royalty to Lionel in the interim. K-Line also licensed some of its technology to Lionel, and reimbursed $700,000 of legal costs. Shortly thereafter the settlement fell apart and on August 23, 2005, MDK filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. On October 27, K-Line and Lionel reached a new settlement, including a permanent injunction against manufacturing products containing the disputed technology, a $2 million damage claim in its bankruptcy case, and royalty-free access to several K-Line patents.
K-Line's 2005 bankruptcy petition stated that its annual sales were between $7 and $8 million.
Over the next few months, K-Line's operations slowed and there were numerous layoffs and rumors of potential purchasers, which were highly publicized among hobbyists. On February 16, 2006, Lionel announced it had purchased K-Line. Since Lionel was also in bankruptcy, the deal, which actually involved the purchase of K-Line by Sanda Kan, its Chinese subcontractor, followed by Sanda Kan's licensing of the trademarks and intellectual property to Lionel, took several weeks to become final. The deal was finalized on April 18, 2006, and Lionel made the announcement the following day.
Prior to the 2005 legal action, the relationship between Lionel and K-Line had generally been more amicable than Lionel's relationship with MTH. Lionel has licensed TMCC to K-Line, and K-Line produces a number of repair manuals for postwar-era Lionel. K-Line has also produced commemorative cars celebrating some of Lionel's significant anniversaries, which has sometimes caused confusion among collectors.
Because K-Line's budget offerings remain almost unchanged from the old Marx designs, Marx collectors sometimes source spare parts from K-Line. Lionel is continuing a limited run of K-Line trains called K-Line by Lionel. Missing are the extravagant passenger trains which competed directly with Lionel's premium products. In a twist of fate, Lionel now has possession of the rights to produce American Flyer track, which until now was missing from its American Flyer train line.
External links
website
on past products
Categories: Toy train manufacturers | Model railroad manufacturers
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Schematic drawing of a fluidized bed reactor.
Fluidization (or fluidisation) is a process similar to liquefaction whereby a granular material is converted from a static solid-like state to a dynamic fluid-like state. This process occurs when a fluid (liquid or gas) is passed up through the granular material.
When a gas flow is introduced through the bottom of a bed of solid particles, it will move upwards through the bed via the empty spaces between the particles. At low gas velocities, aerodynamic drag on each particle is also low, and thus the bed remains in a fixed state. Increasing the velocity, the aerodynamic drag forces will begin to counteract the gravitational forces, causing the bed to expand in volume as the particles move away from each other. Further increasing the velocity, it will reach a critical value at which the upward drag forces will exactly equal the downward gravitational forces, causing the particles to become suspended within the fluid. At this critical value, the bed is said to be fluidized and will exhibit fluidic behavior. By further increasing gas velocity, the bulk density of the bed will continue to decrease, and its fluidization becomes more violent, until the particles no longer form a bed and are onveyed upwards by the gas flow.
When fluidized, a bed of solid particles will behave as a fluid, like a liquid or gas. Like water in a bucket: the bed will conform to the volume of the chamber, its surface remaining perpendicular to gravity; objects with a lower density than the bed density will float on its surface, bobbing up and down if pushed downwards, while objects with a higher density sink to the bottom of the bed. The fluidic behavior allows the particles to be transported like a fluid, channeled through pipes, not requiring mechanical transport (e.g. conveyer belt).
A simplified every-day-life example of a gas-solid fluidized bed would be a hot-air popcorn popper. The popcorn kernels, all being fairly uniform in size and shape, are suspended in the hot-air rising from the bottom chamber. Because of the intense mixing of the particles, akin to that of a boiling liquid, this allows for a uniform temperature of the kernels throughout the chamber, minimizing the amount of burnt popcorn. After popping, the now larger popcorn particles encounter increased aerodynamic drag which pushes them out of the chamber and into a bowl.
The process is also key in the formation of a sand volcano and fluid escape structures in sediments and sedimentary rocks.
Applications
In 1920s, the Winkler process was developed to gasify coal in a fluidized bed, using oxygen. It was not commercially successful.
The first large scale commercial implementation, in the early 1940s, was the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process, which converted heavier petroleum cuts into gasoline. Carbon-rich "coke" deposits on the catalyst particles and deactivates the catalyst in less than 1 second. The fluidized catalyst particles are shuttled between the fluidized bed reactor and a fluidized bed burner where the coke deposits are burned off, generating heat for the endothermic cracking reaction.
By the 1950s fluidized bed technology was being applied to mineral and metallurgical processes such as drying, calcining, and sulfide roasting.
In the 1960s, several fluidized bed processes dramatically reduced the cost of some important monomers. Examples are the Sohio process for acrylonitrile and the oxychlorination process for vinyl chloride.
In the late 1970s, a fluidized bed process for the synthesis of polyethylene dramatically reduced the cost of this important polymer, making its use economical in many new applications. The polymerization reaction generates heat and the intense mixing associated with fluidization prevents hot spots where the polyethylene particles would melt. A similar process is used for the synthesis of polypropylene.
Currently, most of the processes that are being developed for the industrial production of carbon nanotubes use a fluidized bed .
A new potential application of fluidization technology is chemical looping combustion, which has not yet been commercialized. One solution to reducing the potential effect of carbon dioxide generated by fuel combustion (e.g. in power stations) on global warming is carbon dioxide sequestration. Regular combustion with air produces a gas that is mostly nitrogen (as it is air's main component at about 80% by volume), which prevents economical sequestration. Chemical looping uses a metal oxide as a solid oxygen carrier. These metal oxide particles replace air (specifically oxygen in the air) in a combustion reaction with a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel in a fluidized bed, producing solid metal particles from the reduction of the metal oxides and a mixture of carbon dioxide and water vapor, the major products of any combustion reaction. The water vapor is condensed, leaving pure carbon dioxide which can be sequestered. The solid metal particles are circulated to another fluidized
bed where they react with air (and again, specifically oxygen in the air), producing heat and oxidizing the metal particles to metal oxide particles that are recirculated to the fluidized bed combustor.
External links
UBC Fluidization Research Centre
Western Fluidization Group
Fluidization Laboratory of Saskatchewan
Notes
^ International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering
Categories: Chemical engineering
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(Redirected from Equestrian sculpture)
The equestrian Marcus Aurelius on the Capitoline Hill was the prototype for Renaissance equestrian sculptures.
An equestrian statue is a statue of a horse-mounted rider. The term is from the Latin "eques," meaning "knight". A statue of an unmounted horse is strictly an "equine statue".
Contents
1 History
1.1 Ancient Greece
1.2 Ancient Rome
1.3 Renaissance
1.4 Absolutism
1.5 America
1.6 20th Century
2 Popular belief
3 Song
4 Equestrian sculpture
5 See also
6 External links
7 References
8 Gallery
//
History
Ancient Greece
Equestrian statuary in the West goes back at least as far as Archaic Greece. Found on the Athenian acropolis, the sixth century BC statue known as the Rampin Rider depicts a kouros mounted on horseback.
Ancient Rome
Such statues frequently commemorated military leaders, and those statesmen who wished to symbolically emphasize the active leadership role undertaken since Roman times by the equestrian class, the equites (plural of eques) or knights.
There were numerous bronze equestrian portraits (particularly of the emperors) in ancient Rome, but they did not survive because it was practice to melt down bronze statues for reuse of the precious alloy as coin or other, smaller projects (such as new sculptures for Christian churches). The sole surviving Roman equestrian bronze, of Marcus Aurelius owes its preservation on the Campidoglio, Rome, to the popular mis-identification of Marcus Aurelius, the philosopher-emperor, with Constantine the Great, the Christian emperor.
Renaissance
After the Romans, no surviving monumental equestrian bronze was cast in Europe until Donatello achieved the heroic bronze equestrian statue of the condottiere Gattamelata, in Padua, executed in 14451450. As shown by the painted equestrian Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood and that of Niccol da Tolentino (both in Florence Cathedral), in 15th century Italy the form was associated specifically with condottieri. Bartolomeo Colleoni by Verrocchio in Venice (1478-88) was another influential example, in a more prominent city. Titian's equestrian portrait of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor of 1548 led the way in applying the form to rulers, and Cosimo I de' Medici by Giambologna in Florence (completed 1598) is the first life-size statue to feature a ruler rather than a condotiere.
Giambologna's equestrian bronze of Ferdinand de' Medici for the Piazza della SS. Annunziata was completed by his assistant, Pietro Tacca, in 1608. Tacca's last public commission was the colossal equestrian bronze of Philip IV, begun in 1634 and shipped to Madrid in 1640. In Tacca's sculpture, atop a fountain composition that forms the centerpiece of the fa?ade of the Royal Palace, the horse rears, and the entire weight of the sculpture balances on the two rear legsnd, discreetly, its tail feat that had never been attempted in a figure on a heroic scale.
Absolutism
During the age of Absolutism, especially in France these statues were popular. Louis XIV had one outside of his place of Versailles to show his power.
America
In the United States, the first three full-scale equestrian sculptures were Clark Mills' Andrew Jackson (1852), Henry Kirke Brown's George Washington (1856) for Union Square, New York and Thomas Crawford's Washington in Richmond, Virginia (1858). Mills was the first American sculptor to overcome the challenge of casting a rider on a rearing horse. The resulting sculpture was so popular he repeated it, for Washington, D.C., New Orleans and Nashville, Tennessee. Cyrus Edwin Dallin made a specialty of equestrian sculptures of American Indians: his Appeal to the Great Spirit stands before the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
20th Century
As the Twentieth Century progressed the popularity of the equestrian monument declined. This was in part due to the decline of the Beaux-Arts style, the chosen one for many of these monuments, but is was also due to the almost complete cessation of the use of the horse as a work and war animal. From time immemorial leaders, both political and military, rode horses as a matter of course and thus portraying them on horseback was a logical step.
The late 1970s and early 1980s witnessed a revival in equestrian monuments, largely in the Southwest part of the United States. There, art centers such as in Loveland, Colorado, Shadoni Foundry in New Mexico and various studios in Texas began once again producing equestrian sculpture.
These revival works fall into two general categories, the memorialization of a particular individual or the portrayal of less spectacular subjects, notably the American cowboy. Such monuments can be found throughout the American Southwest.
Popular belief
A common belief is that if the horse is rampant, that is with both front legs in the air, the rider died in battle. If the horse has one front leg up, the rider was wounded in battle or died of wounds sustained in battle, and if all four hooves are on the ground, the rider died of causes other than combat. Although some statues in commemoration of the Battle of Gettysburg follow this practice, it is generally not true.
Song
"Equestrian Statue" is the title of a 1967 song by the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, in which a town square is enlivened by the presence of an equestrian statue of a former dignitary.
Equestrian sculpture
Equestrian statues are a distinct form of equestrian sculpture, being completed three-dimensional (free-standing in the round) forms of art. The world's largest equestrian sculpture, when completed, will be the Crazy Horse Memorial. It will not be a statue, however, as only the upper torso and head of the rider and front half of the equine will be depicted. The carvings on Stone Mountain are likewise equestrian sculpture rather than true statues, being a form of bas relief, as is the Robert Gould Shaw Monument in Boston, Massachusetts.
See also
List of equestrian statues
External links
Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C. (with pictures)
References
Gallery
Bertel Thorvaldsen's neoclassicist equestrian statue of Prince Jef Poniatowski, Warsaw
Monument to Nicholas I, St. Petersburg
Equestrian statue of Theodoros Kolokotronis in Nafplion, Greece
The Monument to the Tsar Liberator (Alexander II), in Sofia, Bulgaria
Located in Walpole, Massachusetts, this equestrian statue depicts Lieutenant Lewis, an officer in Queen Anne's War
Monument to Giuseppe Garibaldi in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Equestrian statue of General Suvorov in Tiraspol.
Bronze Horseman, painting by Vasily Surikov
Statue of Henri IV on the Pont Neuf in Paris
"The Scout" by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney commemorates Buffalo Bill at Cody, Wyoming.
Saint George defeats the Dragon, Berlin, Germany
One of the several equestrian Saint George sculptures in Moscow.
Queen Boudica by Thomas Thornycroft, London
The Sons of Liberty pulling down the equestrian statue of King George III on Bowling Green, New York
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Equestrian sculptures
Categories: Types of sculpture
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Mantel clocks are relatively small house clocks traditionally placed on the shelf, or mantel, above the fireplace. The form, first developed in France in the 1750s, can be distinguished from earlier chamber clocks of similar size due to a lack of carrying handles.
These clocks are often highly ornate, decorative works. They are most frequently constructed from any combination of ormolu, porcelain, and wood.
Simon Willard's Shelf Clock (Half Clock, Massachusetts Shelf Clock) was a relatively economical clock which was produced by the celebrated Simon Willard's Roxbury Street workshop, in Boston, Massachusetts, around the first decades of the 19th century. Right after inventing the Banjo clock, Simon Willard brought the design further, designing the similar Massachusetts Shelf Clock which was related to the traditional Bracket clocks. Simon's new creation ran for eight days.
Contents
1 Specifications
2 Early examples
3 Later examples
4 See also
//
Specifications
In contrast to wall clocks, whose movements were attached to the back board, the shelf clock had its movement supported by a seat board. Amid the 1790s, in Boston Simon Willard began selling other standardized shelf clocks. Indeed, it looked like a standard tall clock whose hood and base were directly conjoined and whose body was missing. These models included both a second hand and a calendar dial.
Simon Willard's shelf clocks were weight-driven and some models had an extended base for the weight so they achieved a one week running period. Also, they had a pinwheel escapement. Their strike mechanism was the rack and snail. The pendulum length could be adjusted through a hole in the clock face at the 12 o'clock position, so it wasn't necessary to open the case.
Early examples
Some latest Shelf Clocks featured two artistically finished glass tablets which were beside the circular dial. The whole clock was mounted on lion paws. Simon Willard's Shelf Clocks were produced until the 1830s. The Willard Brothers revolutionized the clock manufacturing by both labor division and using multiple previously molded parts. However, it is commonly accepted that historically their clocks weren't definitively popular. Instead, Eli Terry popularized the clock ownership among common American people. Nowadays, Simon Willard's clocks are recognized as American masterpieces. As such, they are avidly sought by both antiquarians and museums. A Simon Willard's clock in perfect condition can be purchased for anywhere from $50,000 up to $250,000.
Later examples
Rhythm Small World Clocks and Seiko Clocks produce mantel clocks that are Musical clocks and/or pendulum clocks. These clocks are typically constructed of wood and metal. They are battery powered and play up to 15 different melodies every hour on the hour. They also feature a light sensor that turns off the music when it is dark and a volume control. Many Seiko mantel clocks feature a Westminster or Whittington chime.
The mantel clock is featured as the character, 'Cogsworth' in Disney's Beauty and the Beast.
See also
Simon Willard
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The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.
Medical transcription, also known as MT, is an allied health profession, which deals in the process of transcription, or converting voice-recorded reports as dictated by physicians and/or other healthcare professionals, into text format.
Contents
1 History
2 Overview
3 As a profession
3.1 Curricular requirements, skills and abilities
3.2 Basic MT knowledge, skills and abilities
3.3 Duties and responsibilities
4 The medical transcription process
5 Outsourcing of medical transcription
6 The future of medical transcription
7 References
8 External links
//
History
The evolution of transcription dates back to the 1960s. The method was designed to assist in the manufacturing process. The first transcription that was developed in this process was MRP, which is the acronym for Manufacturing Resource Planning, in 1975. This was followed by another advanced version namely MRP2. But none of them yielded the benefit of medical transcription.
However, transcription equipment has changed from manual typewriters to electric typewriters to word processors to computers and from plastic disks and magnetic belts to cassettes and endless loops and digital recordings. Today, speech recognition (SR), also known as continuous speech recognition (CSR), is increasingly being used, with medical transcriptionists and or "correctionists" providing supplemental editorial services, although there are occasional instances where SR fully replaces the MT. Natural-language processing takes "automatic" transcription a step further, providing an interpretive function that speech recognition alone does not provide (although MTs do).
In the past, these medical reports consisted of very abbreviated handwritten notes that were added in the patient's file for interpretation by the primary physician responsible for the treatment. Ultimately, this mess of handwritten notes and typed reports was consolidated into a single patient file and physically stored along with thousands of other patient records in a wall of filing cabinets in the medical records department. Whenever the need arose to review the records of a specific patient, the patient's file would be retrieved from the filing cabinet and delivered to the requesting physician. To enhance this manual process, many medical record documents were produced in duplicate or triplicate by means of carbon copy.
In recent years, medical records have changed considerably. Although many physicians and hospitals still maintain paper records, there is a drive for electronic records. Filing cabinets are giving way to desktop computers connected to powerful servers, where patient records are processed and archived digitally. This digital format allows for immediate remote access by any physician who is authorized to review the patient information. Reports are stored electronically and printed selectively as the need arises. Many MTs now utilize personal computers with electronic references, and use the internet not only for web resources but also as a working platform. Technology has gotten so sophisticated that MT services and MT departments work closely with programmers and information systems (IS) staff to stream in voice and accomplish seamless data transfers through network interfaces. In fact, many healthcare providers today are enjoying the benefits of handheld PCs or personal data
assistants (PDAs), and are now utilizing software on them for dictation.
However, not everything has changed. The conversion of spoken medical dictation to text is a craft that is difficult to learn and takes time to perfect. Some individuals have a "knack" for it; some will never get it. Technology can and does assist in many ways, but transcription still comes down to people. Even with the transition of MTs to editors for documents produced through server-based speech recognition, medical-language-interpretation skills continue to be in demand to produce an accurate document.
Overview
Pertinent, up-to-date, confidential patient information is converted to a written text document by a medical transcriptionist (MT). This text may be printed and placed in the patient's record and/or retained only in its electronic format. Medical transcription can be performed by MTs who are employees in a hospital or who work at home as telecommuting employees for the hospital; by MTs working as telecommuting employees or independent contractors for an outsourced service that performs the work offsite under contract to a hospital, clinic, physician group or other healthcare provider; by MTs working directly for the providers of service (doctors or their group practices) either onsite or telecommuting as employees or contractors. Hospital facilities often prefer electronic storage of medical records due to the sheer volume of hospital patients and the accompanying paperwork. The electronic storage in their database gives immediate access to subsequent departments or providers
regarding the patient's care to date, notation of previous or present medications, notification of allergies, and establishes a history on the patient to facilitate healthcare delivery regardless of geographical distance or location.
The term transcript or "report" as it is more commonly called, is used as the name of the document (electronic or physical hard copy) which results from the medical transcription process, normally in reference to the healthcare professional's specific encounter with a patient on a specific date of service. This report is referred to by many as a "medical record". Each specific transcribed record or report, with its own specific date of service, is then merged and becomes part of the larger patient record commonly known as the patient's medical history.
Medical transcription encompasses the MT, performing document typing and formatting functions according to an established criteria or format, transcribing the spoken word of the patient's care information into a written, easily readable form. MT requires correct spelling of all terms and words, (occasionally) correcting medical terminology or dictation errors. MTs also edit the transcribed documents, print or return the completed documents in a timely fashion. All transcription reports must comply with medico-legal concerns, policies and procedures, and laws under patient confidentiality.
In transcribing directly for a doctor or a group of physicians, there are specific formats and report types used, dependent on that doctor's speciality of practice, although history and physical exams or consults are mainly utilized. In most of the off-hospital sites, independent medical practices perform consultations as a second opinion, pre-surgical exams, and as IMEs (Independent Medical Examinations) for liability insurance or disability claims. Private practice family doctors rarely utilize a medical transcriptionist, preferring to keep their patient's records in a handwritten format.
Currently, a growing number of medical providers send their dictation by digital voice files, utilizing a method of transcription called speech or voice recognition. Speech recognition is still a nascent technology that loses much in translation. For dictators to utilize the software, they must first train the program to recognize their spoken words. Dictation is read into the database and the program continuously "learns" the spoken words and phrases.
Poor speech habits complicate the process for both the MT and the recognition software. An MT can "flag" such a report as unintelligible, but the recognition software will transcribe the unintelligible word(s) from...
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Honda CBR600F2
Manufacturer
Honda
Production
1991 - 1994
Predecessor
CBR600F
Successor
CBR600F3
Class
super sport
Transmission
6-speed, chain driveelectric starter
Related
Honda CBR600RR
The Honda CBR600 F2 motorcycle, introduced in 1991 to replace the CBR600 Hurricane, or F1, was Honda's introduction into the modern sport bike age. Work on the second generation CBR began in the early 89. Hurricane LPL Ishikawa would lead the development of the new bike, known internally as MV9, but which we also called the F2, an alphanumeric that would become its official name: cbr600f2. Exertion began with meetings to discuss concepts and sketches for the new bike. Couple of months later, an F2 prototype was produced. Painted black, the meaner looking bike was faster than the blocky first generation bike. When tested, the F2 results were spectacular. The bike struck a balance where no other bike could achieve. Few motorcycles had the ability to do as much as the latest CBR could. Hence the creation of a powerful and attractive bike that is here to stay.
Contents
1 Features
2 Specification
3 Tuning Data
4 External links
//
Features
Rugged (yet heavy) steel frame
Twelve plate wet clutch
599cc engine with 4 carburetors
Electronic ignition utilizing 2 coils and a wasted spark
Dual overhead cams
100 hp (74.6 kW)@12000 rpm
Torque 63.7 Nm (47 ftbf)@10500 rpm
6 speed gear box
Specification
Model: Honda CBR600F2 (PC25)
Engine type: inline 4 DOHC 16 valve liquid cooled
Bore&Stroke: 65x45.2 mm
Displacement: 599cc
Compression ratio: 11.6:1
Power: 98 PS @ 12,000rpm 50 PS @ 9,500rpm 27 PS @ 9,000rpm
Transmission: 6
Final Drive: O-Ring sealed chain
Suspension: Front: 130mm/43mm Rear: 110mm Pro-Link
Brakes: Front: 276mm dual disk, 2 piston caliper Rear: 220mm single disk, 1 piston caliper
Tires: Front: 120/60-17 Rear: 160/60-17
Fuel capacity: 16 liter
Start: Electric
Dimension: 2,010x695x1,130mm
Wheel base: 1405mm
Seat Height: 810mm
Dry Weight: 185kg
Tuning Data
Engine
engine oil
capacity after draining: 3.2 liter (3.4qt.)
viscosity and classification: 10W-40 SF/SG
recommended oil: ProHonda 4-stroke or equivalent
valve clearance (cold)
intake: 0.13 - 0.19mm (0.005-0.007in.)
exhaust: 0.19-0.25mm (0.007-0.010in.)
valve timing: refer to service manual
stem to guide clearance
intake: 0.010-0.037mm (0.0004-0.0015in.)
exhaust: 0.19-0.25mm (0.0007-0.0110in.)
valve timing: refer to service manual
Carburetion
Carburetor ID: VP41A (VP42A for California model)
Float Level: 13.7mm (0.54 in.)
Main Jet: #135 (#132 for California)
Slow Jet: #38
Idle Speed: 1200+/-100rpm (1400 +/-100rpm for California model)
Air Screw Initial Setting: refer to service manual
Air Screw High Alt. Setting: refer to service manual
Base Carburetor (for synch.): #3
Vacuum Difference: 50mmHg
Ignition
Spark Plugs: NGK: CR9EH9 ND:U27FER9
Spark Plug Gap: 0.8-0.9mm (0.03-0.04 in.)
F-Mark: 15 TDC @ 1200 +/- 100rpm (5 TDC @ 1400 +/- 100rpm for Calufornia model)
Full Advance: 27 TDC @ 8500 +/- 100rpm (29 TDC @ 8500 +/- 100rpm)
Peak Voltage (Cranking)
primary coil: 100V minimum
pluse generator coil: 0.7V minimum
ignitiion type: Full Transistor Igniton
Battery Specification: 12V 8AH
Cooling system
Coolant Capacity: 2.7 liter (2.9qt. or 85 oz.)
Tires
Air Pressure: Front: 36psi Rear: 42psi
Sizes: Front: 120/60-17 Rear: 160-60/17
Suspension
Front Fork Fluid
capacity after draining:
'91-'93: 508cc (17 oz.)
'94: 448cc (15 oz.)
level:
'91-'93: 118mm (4.65 in.)
'94: 135mm (5.31 in.)
type: Pro Honda Suspension Fluid SS-8
External links
MCN News AU: Honda CBR600 history video
v?d?eHonda motorcycles
Misc
Honda List of Honda motorcycles Honda Racing Corporation Repsol Honda
v?d?eHonda motorcycle timeline, 1990sresent
Type
1990s
2000s
2010s
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
Standard
CMX250C/Rebel
CMX250C/Rebel
CB500
CBF500
CBF600
CB750/Nighthawk
CBF1000
CB600F/Hornet/599
CB900F/Hornet/919
CB1000R
Sport
NSR125
CBR125R
CBR600F
CBR600F2
CBR600F3
CBR600F4
CBR600F4i
CBR600RR
CBR900RR
CBR918RR
CBR929RR
CBR954RR
CBR1000RR
RC51
VTR1000F
CBR1000F
CBR1100XX (North American sales ended 2003)
Touring
VFR750F
VFR800/Interceptor
ST1100/Pan-European
ST1300/Pan-European
Gold Wing
Dual-sport
NX250
NX650 Dominator
XL125V/Varadero 125
XL600V/XL650V/XL700V/Transalp
XL1000V/Varadero
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A friendship ball is a hollow sphere of plain or striated glass hung in cottage windows in 20th century North America as an act of friendship.
European Art glass balls for holiday decoration are still commonly referred to in Austria and Germany as Kugels. Kugels range in shape and styles, according to the artist that made them and the season they are displayed. It is quite common to display egg shaped kugels at Easter and Heart shapes at Valentines day. Quality kugels are hand blown or mouth blown art glass. Most are blown into an apple wood mold to retain shape and consistency. Some artists free blow their kugel designs, thus ending up in an irregular shape. Air bubbles are common, and expected by the collector.
In America these glass balls are marketed in many ways. Witch ball, spirit balls, spirit catchers, friendship balls, gazing ball, wishing balls, and so on. Each having a little bit of home grown folklore attached to make the item unique or extra special.
See also
Kugel
Witch ball
Yard Globe
Christmas ornament
Categories: Witchcraft | Folklore
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A Yamaha motorcycle model in 1:18 scale.
Welly Die Casting Factory Limited has been a manufacturer of die-cast toy car and scale model business since 1979.
This factories are located at Guangdong Province in Mainland China with more than 3000 workers which was newly built a few years ago.
At the beginning of 80s, they mainly produced the die cast toy cars in length size around 3 inches (approx. 1/60 scales) and then following was 4.75 inches die cast toy cars (approx. 1/38 scales). During early 90s, they started to develop 1/24 scale models, they took further step to develop 1/18 at late 90s.
With almost 30 years experience of die cast models making, they establish wide range of different scale for customer selection, namely 1:18, 1:24, 1:32, 1:38, 1:43, 1:60 & 1:87 with licenses including cars, trucks, bicycles, motorbike and other kind of vehicles as well as play sets.
Welly die casting factory limited is a licensee of over 40 different licensed brands. Every year, they invest significant amount of capital for new models in all different kind of scales and brands.
Apart from traditional die cast toy and model cars, few years ago, they have established a team of R&D department, thus they began to develop different range of Radio Control model including 1:32 scale die cast RC car and truck, also 1:12 scale plastic RC car.
External links
Oficial Web site
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(Redirected from Subway tile artwork)
Many New York City Subway stations are decorated with colorful ceramic plaques and tile mosaics. Of these, many take the form of signs, identifying the station's location. Much of this ceramic work was in place when the subway system originally opened on October 27, 1904. Other newer work continues to be installed each year, much of it quite cheerful and fanciful .
Contents
1 History
1.1 Heins & LaFarge (19011907)
1.2 Squire Vickers (19061942)
1.3 Exhibition (2007)
2 Subway Tiles Today
3 External links
//
History
Heins & LaFarge (19011907)
Two firms were pioneers in creating this masterful ceramic work.
The earliest work was done by Heins & LaFarge (artists George C. Heins and Christopher Grant LaFarge), starting in 1901 and continuing up to 1907. Heins and LaFarge were both relatives of John LaFarge (brother-in-law and son, respectively), who was a leading stained-glass artisan of the day. They were part of the Arts and Crafts movement and worked in the Beaux-Arts architecture style, both of which were very much in vogue at the turn of the Twentieth Century. At the time of their hiring they had completed large projects at New York's Cathedral of St. John the Divine and Bronx Zoo. As well as designing the artistic motifs, Heins & LaFarge also did much of the architectural work that determined the overall appearance of entire subway stations.
They knew what type of materials would stand up well to heavy-duty cleaning and scrubbing; they worked with the ceramic-producing firms Grueby Faience Company of Boston and Rookwood Pottery of Cincinnati. Their ceramic artwork includes colorful pictorial motifs relevant to a station's location, for example:
The South Ferry station is decorated by 15 bas-relief representations of a sailing ship on the water.
The Astor Place station is decorated with large ceramic beaver emblems, representing the beaver pelts that helped make John Jacob Astor wealthy.
The 116th Street station includes a bas-relief emblem representing nearby Columbia University.
In addition to being beautiful, the pictorial images on the tiles were -- and are -- also helpful to New York City's large population of non-English speakers, as well as people who are illiterate. Subway travelers, for example, could be told, "Get off at the stop with the picture of the beaver."
The bas-relief found underground in the subway has been compared to the work of the Italian Renaissance artist Andrea Della Robbia. Much of their tile work was station-identifying signs to guide passengers. As well as pictorial plaques and ceramic signs, another aspect of their work is running decorative motifs, such as egg-and-dart patterns, along station ceilings.
Squire Vickers (19061942)
In 1906 Squire J. Vickers, a young architect, was hired to continue with the projects. Vickers showed much respect for the style of Heins & LaFarge. His work consists much more of mosaics; he did not utilize the bas-relief technique, citing the need to keep the artwork flat to the wall for easier cleaning. In his pictorial work, Vickers emphasizes actual buildings that might act as landmarks, such as his colorful depiction of Brooklyn Borough Hall (1919) at the station of that name, rather than Heins & LaFarge's beavers and sailing ships. He describes his mosaic technique like this:
"...the mosaic was of the cut variety, that is, the body is burned in strips, glazed, and then broken into irregular shapes. The designs are set by hand and shipped in sections with paper pasted on the front. These sections are set against the wall flush with the tile. In certain stations the color bands and name tablets are a combination of mosaic and hand-made tile"
?
(Stookey, 1994).
Vickers continued to work on subway projects for 36 years, up until 1942.
Exhibition (2007)
Two exhibitions, one celebrating the work of Heins & LaFarge and one for Vickers, were mounted at the New York Transit Museum's Gallery Annex at Grand Central Terminal during 2007.
Subway Tiles Today
Several New York City subway stations have new ceramic and mosaic work, carrying on the subway tile tradition of bringing color and cheerfulness underground. Some examples are:
The 28th Street station on the BMT Broadway Line is home to fanciful mosaic work "City Dwellers" by Mark Hadjipateras .
The Houston Street station on the IRT Broadwayeventh Avenue Line is home to "Platform Diving" by artist Deborah Brown
The 81st Streetuseum of Natural History station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line is home to "For Want of a Nail" by the MTA Arts for Transit Design Team .
The Prince Street station on the BMT Broadway Line is home to "Carrying On" an artwork by Janet Zweig .
The 110th Street station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line is home to "Migration" by artist Christopher Wynter .
External links
MTA Arts for Transit-The Official NYC Subway Art and Rail Art Guide
Forgotten New York - New Mosaics
Subway Art Guide
SubwayCeramics Historically-authentic subway tile
Stookey, Lee (1994). Subway Ceramics. North Haven, CT: William J. Mack Co.
Categories: New York City Subway | American pottery
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Juice fasting is a type of fasting and detox diet in which the practitioner consumes only fruit and vegetable juices. Being available only in digestible carbohydrates, these foods are digested rapidly as the juice digestion process expends only a small amount of energy. People choose to undergo juice fasts for various reasons and via various methods. Juice fasts are often marketed together with supplies, supplements and support groups.
Contents
1 Reasons for fasting
2 Methods
3 Types of juices
4 Possible side effects
5 Criticisms of fasting
6 References
7 External links
//
Reasons for fasting
Additional reasons for undergoing juice fasts include religious reasons, losing weight and attempting to wean oneself from unhealthy habits, i.e., smoking, drinking soda, overeating, caffeine addiction, etc. Some more serious participants use juice fasting as an alternative to conventional medical practices, i.e., as a healing technique for pain, cancer, depression, arthritis, severe infections that failed antibiotics, autoimmune diseases and many other supposedly incurable diseases.
Methods
Some practitioners take part in semi-annual week-long (or longer) periods of fasting in order to cyclically purify the body along with the nature's annual cycles. These semi-annual fasters and others may also take monthly, shorter (two or three days) periods of fasting. Some fasts involve a week-long trip to a spa resort, with Thailand being one especially popular destination.
Because pure juice contains little to no fiber, juice fasters often use an enema or a herbal or saltwater laxative during the time of fasting to efficiently expel waste from the intestines and colon. Another method is mixing psyllium husks in with the juice. Because psyllium is not absorbed by the body but increases in volume greatly upon absorbing water, it creates the bulk necessary to keep the bowels moving.
Types of juices
Some fruits commonly used in juice fasts:
Vegetables - celery, cucumber, tomato, bell pepper
Greens - parsley, kale, beet greens, chard, spinach, dandelion leaf
Cruciferous vegetables - broccoli, cabbage
Root vegetables - carrots, beets, sweet potatoes
Fruits - dark grapes, apples, citrus, A?ai berry
Herbs - yucca root, fennel, spearmint, peppermint, basil, ginger, garlic, green onion, chile pepper, fresh turmeric root, milk thistle
Wheatgrass juice, spirulina (a blue-green sea algae)
Possible side effects
Fasters must take care to maintain their intake of vitamins and nutrients. However, there are no specific side effects associated exclusively with juice fasting, though certain medical conditions such as diabetes may be aggravated by excessive intake of certain juices. It's also possible for a juice such as grapefruit to interact badly with certain prescription drugs. Additionally, the juices from highly acidic fruits such as tomato and citrus juices can conceivably upset the body's natural acid-base (pH) balance.
Some individuals should be careful before performing excessive juice fasting or even attempting juice fasting without the consultation from medical practitioners. These include the malnourished and underweight; pregnant or lactating mothers; advanced cancer patients; individuals with poor immunity; individuals who have recently undergone surgery; individuals who suffer from stomach ulcers, low blood pressure, excessive fatigue; and children.
Criticisms of fasting
Some scientists, dietitians, and doctors regard juice fasting and other detox diets as less effective than drinking a glass of water, and hence generally harmless but a waste of money. Dr Catherine Collins, Chief Dietician of St George Hospital Medical School in London, England, states that "The concept of etox is a marketing myth rather than a physiological entity. The idea that an avalanche of vitamins, minerals, and laxatives taken over a 2 to 7 day period can have a long-lasting benefit for the body is also a marketing myth."
On the other hand, proponents believe that less energy is expended on digestion of foods; therefore more energy exists for the rest of the body to expel toxins. As toxins are believed to lie within many of the human body's eliminative glands and organs, different juice fasts target different sections of the body. For instance, a large portion of juice fasters believe that abstaining from solid food allows the body to recover and heal itself from damage and fatigue caused by the relentless stress of digestion. But while on a water-only fast, "the body burns up stored sugars, or glycogen, so less insulin is needed to help the body digest food. That gives the pancreas a rest. On juice diets recommended by some spas, you may lose weight, but your digestive system doesn't get that rest." Others choose fasting because they want to target the liver, the kidneys, the urinary tract, the skin, the gallbladder, the brain, the immune system, etc. There is no peer-reviewed scientific evid
ence behind these claims.
References
^ a b Foster, Cynthia (2003). "Medical Doctor Explains How To Do A Juice Fast". Dr. Foster's Essentials. http://www.startthehealing.com/juicing.html. Retrieved on 2006-03-22.
^ "Juice Therapy". Natural Medicine (Thomson Healthcare). 2004. http://www.pdrhealth.com/content/natural_medicine/chapters/201290.shtml. Retrieved on 2006-03-22.
^ Precautions of Juice Fasting
^ a b Sense About Science | Detox press release
^ NPR: Retune the Body with a Partial Fast
^ "Primer on Juice Fasting". Guide to Alternative Medicines. http://altmedicine.about.com/cs/dietarytherapy/a/Fasting_Primer.htm. Retrieved on 2006-03-22.
^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7808348.stm Scientists dismiss 'detox myth'
^ http://www.wilx.com/news/headlines/509692.html Medical Breakthroughs: Juice Fasting
External links
About.com - Primer on Juice Fasting
About.Com - Detox Screening Quiz
Juice Fasting
Cleansing Fast
Juice Fasting Tips, Techniques - Fitness Through Fasting.com
Onion Juice Therapy for Cancer Treatment
Categories: Veganism | Vegetarianism | Fasting
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2 types of hedge trimmers; one manual and one electrical
A hedge trimmer is a piece of gardening/agricultural equipment used especially for trimming hedges.
Contents
1 Benefits
2 Types
2.1 Stand-alone
2.2 Tractor mounted
3 See also
4 References
//
Benefits
Garden hedges, which used to be cut with a knife or with pruning shears, can now be cut with a powered hedge trimmer. This allows the work to be done faster, and with less effort.
Types
Stand-alone
The power source can be human power, gasoline, or electricity. The first type does not need anything to operate and is cheapest/most environmentally friendly. The former tend to be more powerful but can be heavier and more difficult to start. The latter tend to be lighter and less powerful (than gasoline variants) as well as less polluting, yet still require an electrical cord with most types. Powered hedge trimmers are generally designed with safety devices such that they only work when both of the operator's hands are on the handles.
Tractor mounted
A tractor-driven version of trimmers exist as well (not shown), which allows easy trimming/pruning of plants and food crops. More specifically, types exist with a movable arm and types without a movable arm (relying solely on rotating blades on 2 central pivots placed on the tractor's side). These latter are used in grape-growing (for making wine), by using small tractors which drive between the grape vines.
See also
Garden tool
References
^ Movable arm tractor trimmers
^ Examples of rotary vine trimmers (not side mounted, but again on a movable arm
Gas-powered Hedge Trimmer Gas-powered hedge trimmer types
v?d?eTypes of tools
Cutting tools
Adze Axe Billhook Blade Bolt cutter Broach Ceramic tile cutter Countersink Diamond blade Diamond tool Drill bit Endmill Froe Knife Machete Milling cutter Razor Reamer Saw Scalpel Scissors Splitting maul Switchblade Tool bit Utility knife Water jet cutter
Garden tools
Cultivator Garden fork Hedge trimmer Hoe Hori hori Irrigation sprinkler Lawn aerator Lawn mower Lawn sweeper Leaf blower Loppers Mattock McLeod Pitchfork Plough (plow) Pruning shears (Secateurs) Pulaski Rake Rotary tiller Scythe Spade String trimmer
Hand tools
Block plane BNC inserter/remover Brace Card scraper Chisel Clamp Coping saw Fretsaw Glass cutter Hacksaw Hammer Hand saw Locking pliers Mallet Pickaxe Pipe wrench Plane Pliers Punch Screwdriver Spirit level Sponge Torque wrench Wrench
Power tools
Band saw Belt sander Chainsaw Circular saw Concrete saw Crusher Drill Grinding machine Heat gun Impact wrench Jigsaw Jointer Lathe Nail gun Planer Radial arm saw Random orbital sander Reciprocating saw Rotary tool Sander Scroll saw Table saw Thickness planer Wood router
Other
Antique tools Ladder Thau claw Toolbox
This tool article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Gardening tools | Tool stubs
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Canajoharie, New York
Canajoharie, New York
Location within the state of New York
Coordinates: 4254?11?N 7434?16?W? / ?42.90306 74.57111? / 42.90306; -74.57111
Country
United States
State
New York
County
Montgomery
Area
-Total
1.3sqmi(3.5km2)
-Land
1.3sqmi(3.4km2)
- Water
0.0sqmi(0.1km2)
Elevation
305ft (93m)
Population (2000)
-Total
2,257
-Density
1,741.5/sqmi(672.4/km2)
Time zone
Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)
-Summer(DST)
EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP code
13317
Area code(s)
518
FIPS code
36-12111
GNIS feature ID
0945734
Canajoharie is in the Town of Canajoharie in Montgomery County, New York, USA. As of the 2000 census, the village had a population of 2,257. The name is said to be an Iroquois term meaning "the pot that washes itself," a reference to the "Canajoharie Boiling Pot," a circular gorge in the Canajoharie Creek, just south of the village.
The Village of Canajoharie is at the north border of the Town of Canajoharie and is west of Amsterdam.
Canajoharie is home to one of at least three operating "dummy-lights" in the United States, located downtown at the intersection of Church, Mohawk and Montgomery Streets. It is a traffic signal on a pedestal which sits in the middle of an intersection, first installed in 1926. The other two are also located in New York State, in Beacon and Croton-on Hudson.
The Erie Canal passes the north side of the village.
It is the headquarters for the baby food manufacturing operations of the Beech-Nut baby food company. On May 15, 2007, Governor Eliot Spitzer announced that Beech-Nut would move its operations to nearby Florida, New York.
Contents
1 History
2 Geography
3 Demographics
4 External links
5 References
//
History
A village of the Mohawk tribe was located at the site of the current village.
After European settlers moved in the community was originally called "Roofville" after an early inhabitant Johannes Rueff.
The village was incorporated in 1829.
During the middle of the Nineteenth century, three fires almost obliterated the village.
Geography
Canajoharie is located at 4254?11?N 7434?15?W? / ?42.90306 74.57083? / 42.90306; -74.57083 (42.903086, -74.571103).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.3square miles (3.5km2), of which, 1.3square miles (3.4km2) of it is land and 0.04square miles (0.1km2) of it (2.99%) is water.
The village is on the south bank of the Mohawk River.
The New York State Thruway, New York State Route 5S (Erie Boulevard/East Main Street), and New York State Route 10 (Rock Street/Reed Street) pass through the village. On the opposite bank of the Mohawk is the community of Palatine Bridge in the Town of Palatine.
Wintergreen Park is a mile from the village and offers views of the Canajoharie gorge and the Canajoharie falls.
Demographics
The historic "dummy-light" in downtown Canajoharie, New York.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,257 people, 925 households, and 589 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,741.5 people per square mile (670.3/km2). There were 1,007 housing units at an average density of 777.0/sqmi (299.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 96.46% White, 0.89% Black or African American, 0.53% Native American, 0.53% Asian, 0.44% from other races, and 1.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.51% of the population.
There were 925 households out of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.9% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.3% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the village the population was spread out with 26.2% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.3 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $32,169, and the median income for a family was $44,250. Males had a median income of $30,476 versus $24,125 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,850. About 13.0% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.7% of those under age 18 and 1.1% of those age 65 or over.
External links
Brief area history
Chamber of Commerce information
Canajoharie Village Court
Dummy Light
The Arkell Museum at Canajoharie
References
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2005-05-03. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
^ "Canajoharie-Palatine Chamber of Commerce". http://www.canpal.org/wintergreen.htm. Retrieved on 2007-10-15.
^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved on 2008-01-31.
City of Beacon. Canajoharie, New York: Credits. Retrieved Sep. 30, 2008.
Croton-on-Hudson Historical Society. Canajoharie, New York: Credits. Retrieved Sep. 30, 2008.
Villages of Canajoharie & Palatine Bridge. Canajoharie, New York: Credits. Retrieved Sep. 30, 2008.
Canajoharie (village), New York is at coordinates 4254?11?N 7434?16?W? / ?42.903086 74.571103? / 42.903086; -74.571103? (Canajoharie (village), New York)Coordinates: 4254?11?N 7434?16?W? / ?42.903086 74.571103? / 42.903086; -74.571103? (Canajoharie (village), New York)
v?d?eMunicipalities and communities ofMontgomery County, New York
County seat: Fonda
City
Amsterdam
Towns
Amsterdam | Canajoharie | Charleston | Florida | Glen | Minden | Mohawk | Palatine | Root | St. Johnsville
Villages
Ames | Canajoharie | Fonda | Fort Johnson | Fort Plain | Fultonville | Hagaman | Nelliston | Palatine Bridge | St. Johnsville
Hamlets
Auriesville | Fort Hunter
Categories: Montgomery County, New York | Villages in New York | Waterfalls of New York | Rock formations in New York
Hidden categories: Infobox Settlement US maintenance | Geolinks maintenance
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Claire Lyte
Born
27 September 1978(1978-09-27)Solihull
Charge(s)
Sexual assault
Penalty
2 years, 9 months imprisonment (indefinite ban on working with children)
Status
Imprisoned
Occupation
Tennis coach
Parents
Colin Lyte
Claire Lyte (born 27 September 1978) is a former professional tennis player and former national tennis coach from Shirley, West Midlands. She is currently serving a custodial sentence for a conviction of four counts of sexual assault against a child.
Contents
1 Background
2 Arrest
3 Trial
4 Aftermath and criticism
5 References
//
Background
Lyte pursued a career as a tennis professional, and even appeared at Wimbledon, before her career was cut premature by injury in 1998. Instead, she took up coaching and in 2001 was named the Young Coach of the Year by the LTA. She helped bring through emerging talent at the LTA Centre in Loughborough.
Arrest
In October 2005, the mother of one of Lyte's students allegedly found her and her 13-year-old daughter in bed, performing oral sex on each other. It is believed an inappropriate relationship had been going on for an unknown period prior this discovery; as the LTA had already given Lyte an official warning over her conduct with the girl. This included sharing a toilet cubicle with the girl (See: Child grooming) and possibly sharing intimate texts between each other. Lyte admitted during her trial that the relationship had contravened the guidelines of the LTA, in becoming close with the student, but she was reticent towards it and that it had never become sexual in nature. It became evident in court that the girl was perhaps bullied at school and had an unhappy home life; with Lyte claiming that the mother was "pushy and ambitious".
However, the child's mother chose against reporting this incident to the police; despite calling Lyte a paedophile immediately after the incident, and claiming Lyte told her she loved her daughter. She justified this alleging she received assurances from both Lyte and Lyte's father, who intervened on her behalf, that it would not happen again and would be to the detriment of her daughter's wishes to do so, in possibly jeopordising her career by taking away her coach. Her daughter also asked her to "trust her". The victim's grandmother alleged during the trial that Colin Lyte and Ms. Lyte had threatened her were she to go to the police, during an intervention between the two families. In subsequent months, Lyte and the girl were allowed to go shopping together and spend time alone at hotels.
It was not until 9 months later, in August 2006, that the girl's mother was prompted in to alerting the police, when she allegedly found Lyte wearing her daughter's clothing; later telling the court that, "My stomach turned." She also described Lyte's attitude as dismissive and said that she was smirking. Lyte informed the girl's mother at this point that the girl had played poorly and would not be admitted in to the next tournament. The defence later claimed, in court, that it was because of this revelation that the girl's mother concocted the story, upset that her daughter's career would not be as successful as she had hoped.
Upon searching Lyte's home and belongings, the police discovered underwear belonging to the girl (with a name tag), with Lyte's DNA on them, which she admitted to wearing, albeit accidentally. Police also recovered a pink jumper and pyjama bottoms, a Helly Hanson jacket and a pair of shoes all belonging to the girl. It also emerged that texts of a more explicit nature had occurred between the pair; one in which the girl announced that 'What we have done isn't just amazing but fucking amazing and I really love you and love what's happened and never thought this would happen [sic].' Lyte later claimed that the girl was in another world and that she did not report the texts to the LTA because she was 'insecure and embarrassed'.
Lyte was charged with one count of sexual assault against a minor. In March 2007, at Liverpool Crown Court, she denied one count of sexual assault (relating to the incident in October 2005). On 18 May 2007, she was charged with four more counts of sexual activity with a child, again denying the charges.
Trial
The trial lasted two weeks, with Ms Lyte convicted on 18 October 2007.
Lyte's defense based their case around the fact that if the allegations were not fabricated then the mother would have informed the police earlier, and that she was merely being spiteful upon learning that her daughter would not be as successful as previously thought. Whilst being questioned by the prosecution, Lyte asserted that the mother had persuaded her daughter to lie. Lyte also claimed to be heterosexual and three confidants of the girl said that she had made a previous unfounded allegation of rape against a male coach.
However, the overwhelming evidence against Lyte, including the victim's compliance, led to a majority (10 to 2) verdict from the jury on four of the five charges (she will not face retrial for the fifth). She was sentenced on 2 November, given a jail sentence of 2 years and 9 months and was also forced to sign the sex offenders register.
Lyte's solicitor has confirmed that the defence team are appealing.
Aftermath and criticism
The LTA has radically restructured its youth policy in light of the case. It has abandoned its policy of running 14 academies around the country, meaning children stay at home as their skills are nurtured. The case itself mirrored a similar incident with a male coach in North London.
The girl's mother has been criticised for not reporting the incident; whilst some believe she was over-ambitious and pushy towards her daughter.
Elsewhere, some journalists have criticised tabloids for highlighting the homosexual aspects of the affair, claiming it perpetuates a culture of homophobia. They said that the relationship should be referred to as paedophilic, though it is technically ephebophilic[citation needed][dubious discuss].
References
^ ITF Tennis - Womens Circuit - Player Biography
^ a b 'Lesbian' tennis coach accused of affair admits wearing 13-year-old pupil's knickers| News | This is London
^ "Women's Singles - Qualifying Draw (Knock-out)". Wimbledon 1998. ITF. http://www.itftennis.com/womens/tournaments/tournamentresults.asp?event=1020000257&tournament=1020000155. Retrieved on 2007-12-05.
^ We were not in bed, says accused coach - I was doing the dishes - Times Online
^ Turning kids into circus freaks | India Knight - Times Online
^ a b 'How I found my 13-year-old daughter having sex with her lesbian tennis coach' | the Daily Mail
^ a b Mother 'saw tennis coach Clare Lyte in sex act' with daughter, 13 - Times Online
^ Grandmother confronted tennis coach Claire Lyte over claims of lesbian sex - Times Online
^ a b Scotsman.com News
^ BBC NEWS | England | Merseyside | Coach denies further sex charges
^ Tennis pupil 'accused male coach of rape' - Telegraph
^ "Tennis coach jailed for sex abuse". BBC News. 2007-11-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/7074721.stm.
^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/uklatest/story/0,,-7044609,00.html
^ Davis, Rosa (2007-10-19). "Mistaken identity". comment is free ... (Guardian Unlimited). Guardian News and Media Limited. http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/rosa_davis/2007/10/mistaken_identity.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-05.
Categories: English criminals | Living people | English tennis players | English tennis coaches | People from Solihull | 1978 births | 2005 crimes
Hidden categories: Orphaned articles from February 2009 | All orphaned articles | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced...
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Sandhurst Town
Full name
Sandhurst Town Football Club
Nickname(s)
The Fizzers
Founded
1910
Ground
Bottom Meadow, Sandhurst(Capacity: 2,500)
Chairman
Mick Morgan
Manager
Peter Browning
League
Combined Counties LeaguePremier Division
2007-08
16th
Home colours
Away colours
Sandhurst Town Football Club is a football club based in Sandhurst, Berkshire, England. Formed in 1910, the club plays at Bottom Meadow.
Contents
1 History
2 Stadium
3 Season-by-season record since 2000
4 Nickname
5 Honours
6 Records
7 Current squad
8 References
9 External links
//
History
After the club's formation in 1910, Sandhurst played in the Reading & District League consistently up to 1979 other than a short spell in the East Berkshire Football League. In 1979, the Club was then elected into the Aldershot & District League in which they finished in third place in their first season. In 1984 Sandhurst Town F.C. finished as runners-up from whence whey became founder members of the Chiltonian League and a stepping stone toward becoming a senior club. Their most successful season in the Chiltonian Football League was in 1986-87 when they finished in second place. In 1990, the Club applied for membership of the Combined Counties League and were accepted after being granted senior status by the Berks & Bucks County FA. The first two seasons were poor as they finished in bottom place on each occasion and avoided relegation back to the Chiltonian Football League at the end of the second season only due to the vacancy created by the departure of Stey
ning Town to the Sussex County League. However, the form of the Club improved thereafter with appointment of Tony O'Connor as player-manager who brought a improvement in the quality and stature of the team. During his second season of management, the Club reached the final of the Berks & Bucks Senior Trophy, they lost 0-1 to Eton Wick, and the final of the League Challenge Vase, losing 1-2 to Bedfont. In 1996, Tony O'Connor gave up his position as manager, although he remained at the Club as a player. Since then, several managers have managed the club with differing degrees of success; the current manager being Peter Browning.
Stadium
The first ground used by the Club was a field adjacent to the Bull & Butcher Public House]], which was used as the club headquarters. After a few years, a move was made to the Memorial Park where the club remained until the 1996 close season apart from a couple of seasons during the 1950s spent on a nearby pitch in St John's Road. The introduction of the National Lottery prompted an immediate bid for funding to build a new ground in Bottom Meadow adjacent to the Memorial Park. With support and backing through additional match funding from Bracknell Forest Borough Council and Sandhurst Town Council, the Club were successful in the first round of allocation ever made by the National Lotteries Charities Board.
The new facilities opened in August 1997 at a cost of ?265,000. The ground is totally enclosed with perimeter fence and contains a boardroom/changing rooms complex, floodlights, covered accommodation, hardstanding and a post and rail barrier around the pitch. The new pitch was laid some eighteen months previously, following guidance from the national Sports Turf Council, but did not stage its first match until the start of the 1997-98 season. The ground and facilities at Bottom Meadow have been designed to meet the highest grading level of the Isthmian League to enable the Club to make further progress in the football pyramid structure when circumstances permit. How far this progression has reached can be determined by the inclusion of the Club into the FA Cup for season 1998-99. The attendance record at the ground was set on 17 August 2002, when 2,449 watched the club's game against AFC Wimbledon.
The club were first accepted for the FA Cup in 1998-99, with their best run to date being a trip to the Second Round Qualifying in 2004-05. In the FA Vase, their most successful season was also 2004-05, when they reached the Third Round (last 64) before losing.
In 2005 a small all-seater stand was incorporated into the ground. This consisted of 108 seats and are in the red and black colours of Sandhurst Town.
Season-by-season record since 2000
Season
Division
Position
2000-01
Combined Counties League
13
2001-02
Combined Counties League
13
2002-03
Combined Counties League
6
2003-04
Combined Counties League Premier Division
5
2004-05
Combined Counties League Premier Division
5
2005-06
Combined Counties League Premier Division
7
2006-07
Combined Counties League Premier Division
12
2007-08
Combined Counties League Premier Division
16
Nickname
The club gives two explanations of its unusual nickname of the Fizzers, and it is unclear if the two are related. One explanation states that it derives from a Friendly Insurance Society (F.I.S.) set up in Sandhurst in 1933. The club alternatively state that the nickname originates from their supporters standing behind an opposing team's goal and shouting "Fizz Fizz Bang" when the ball went into the net, although no explanation is given for why they would do so.
Honours
Yateley & District Hospital Cup
Winners 1925-1926, 1926-1927, 1971-1972, 1983-1984
Aldershot FA Senior Cup
Winners 2000-2001 & 2005-06
Southern Combination Cup
Winners 2002-2003
Reading & District League
Premier Division Winners 1933-1934
Division 1 Winners 1932-1933
Aldershot & District League
Division 1 Winners 1980-1981
Division 1 Cup Winners 1980-1981
Eric Perrin Silver Plate Winners 1997-1998
Ascot & District Charity Cup
Winners 1933-1934, 1986-1987, 1987-1988
Records
Bottom Meadow Ground attendance record
2,449 v AFC Wimbledon 17 August 2002
Biggest victory
9-1 v Cranleigh 8 January 2000
Heaviest defeat
0-8 v Cobham 26 October 1991
Best FA Cup run
2004-05 2nd Qualifying Round v Leatherhead Lost 2-0
Best FA Vase run
2004-05 3rd Round Proper v AFC Newbury Lost 3-0
Current squad
As of April 6, 2007
Goalkeepers
Paul Cann
Andy Ewen
Luca Groves
Defenders
Ben Williams
Jonny Fisk
Darren Wilson
Rob Webb
Aaron Roberts
Matt Levey
George Ball
Matt Weston
Lee Mullins
Midfielders
Danny Wilde
Grant Nesbitt
Nick Rowe
Roy Atkin
Keiron Thorne
Tony Smith
Forwards
Gary Sargeant
Neil Selby
Steve Stairs
Mark Bartholemew
Management Team
Peter Browning (Manager)
Steve Stairs (Assistant manager)
Roy Atkin (Coach)
References
^ a b Club website
External links
Official site
Sandhurst Town at the Football Club History Database
Combined Counties League Premier Division 2008-09
v?d?e
AshUnited| BadshotLea| BansteadAthletic| Bedfont| BedfontGreen| Bookham| CamberleyTown| ChertseyTown| Chessington&HookUnited| Cobham| ColliersWoodUnited| Cove| EghamTown| Epsom&Ewell| GuildfordCity| HartleyWintney| HorleyTown| Molesey| NorthGreenfordUnited| RaynesParkVale| SandhurstTown| Wembley
Football in England
v?d?e
League competitions
The FA
Cup competitions
Premier League
England (B) (C)
FA Cup
The Football League (Champ, 1,...
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Look up chainsaw in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A Chainsaw is a portable motorized saw.
Chainsaw may also refer to:
"Chainsaw" (single), a 1987 EP by Skinny Puppy
Chainsaw (rock band), a punk rock band that formed in Brussels, Belgium in 1976 and split in 1978
Cookie "Chainsaw" Randolph, a radio personality, currently with the Dave, Shelly, and Chainsaw show
Chainsaw Cassettes, a record label
Chainsaw Records, an independent record label out of Portland, Oregon, United States
Chainsaw, The Prince of Karate, one of the founding members of The Aquabats!
"Chain Saw", a song by Ramones from their 1976 album Ramones
"Chainsaw", a song by Raven from their 1982 album Wiped Out
"Mr. Chainsaw", a song by Alkaline Trio from their 2001 album From Here to Infirmary
Chainsaw (log file viewer), a GUI-based log file viewer
Chainsaw (punk zine), a UK punk zine
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Categories: Disambiguation pages
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Country of Origin: China (mainland) Brand Name: NEWSUN Primary Competitive Advantages: Product Performance Quality Approvals Reputation Main Export Markets: Eastern Europe North America Mid East/Africa Central/South America Asia Western Europe Australasia Lithium Button-Cell Battery CR2025 CR2025 - NEWSUN CR2025 Primary Lithium Button-Cell Battery View basket Key Specifications/Special Features: Nominal voltage: 3V Nominal capacity: 150mAh Standard current: 0.2mA Continuous current (Allowable): 2.0mA Pulse current (Allowable): 20mA Dimensions: 20 (diameter) x 2.5mm Operating Temperature: -20 C ~ +60 C Weight: 2.5g The batteries can be processed with pins according to customers'
An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is, it stops blood from clotting. A group of pharmaceuticals called anticoagulants can be used in vivo as a medication for thrombotic disorders. Some chemical compounds are used in medical equipment, such as test tubes, blood transfusion bags, and renal dialysis equipment.
Contents
1 As medications
1.1 Coumarines (Vitamin K antagonists)
1.1.1 Adverse effects
1.1.2 Available agents
1.2 Heparin and derivative substances
1.2.1 Low molecular weight heparin
1.2.2 Synthetic pentasaccharide inhibitors of factor Xa
1.2.3 Major pharmaceutical Heparin recall due to contamination
1.3 Direct thrombin inhibitors
2 Anticoagulants outside the body
3 See also
4 References
//
As medications
Anticoagulants are given to people to stop thrombosis (blood clotting inappropriately in the blood vessels). This is useful in primary and secondary prevention of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarctions and strokes in those who are predisposed.
Coumarines (Vitamin K antagonists)
The oral anticoagulants are a class of pharmaceuticals that act by antagonizing the effects of vitamin K. Examples include warfarin. It is important to note that it takes at least 48 to 72 hours for the anticoagulant effect to develop fully. In cases when any immediate effect is required, heparin must be given concomitantly. Generally, these anticoagulants are used to treat patients with deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), atrial fibrillation (AF), and mechanical prosthetic heart valves.
Adverse effects
Patients aged 80 years or more may be especially susceptible to bleeding complications with a rate of 13 bleeds per 100 person-years.
These oral anticoagulants are used widely as poisons for mammalian pests, especially rodents. (For details, see rodenticide and warfarin.)
Available agents
Warfarin (Coumadin) This is the main agent used in the U.S. and UK
Acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon This is used more commonly outside the U.S. and the UK
Brodifacoum Rat poison, not used medically
Phenindione
Heparin and derivative substances
Heparin is a biological substance, usually made from pig intestines. It works by activating antithrombin III, which blocks thrombin from clotting blood. Heparin can be used in vivo (by injection), and also in vitro to prevent blood or plasma clotting in or on medical devices. Vacutainer brand test tubes containing heparin are usually colored green.
Low molecular weight heparin
Low molecular weight heparin is a more highly processed product that is useful as it does not require monitoring of the APTT coagulation parameter (it has more predictable plasma levels) and has fewer side effects.
Synthetic pentasaccharide inhibitors of factor Xa
Fondaparinux is a synthetic sugar composed of the five sugars (pentasaccharide) in heparin that bind to antithrombin. It is a smaller molecule than low molecular weight heparin.
Idraparinux
Major pharmaceutical Heparin recall due to contamination
In March 2008 major recalls of Heparin were announced by pharmaceuticals due to a suspected and unknown contamination of the raw Heparin stock imported from China . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration was quoted as stating that at least 19 deaths were believed linked to a raw Heparin ingredient imported from the People's Republic of China, and that they had also received 785 reports of serious injuries associated with the drug use. According to the New York Times: 'Problems with heparin reported to the agency include difficulty breathing, nausea, vomiting, excessive sweating and rapidly falling blood pressure that in some cases led to life-threatening shock'.
Direct thrombin inhibitors
Main article: direct thrombin inhibitor
Another type of anticoagulant is the direct thrombin inhibitor. Current members of this class include argatroban, lepirudin, bivalirudin, and dabigatran. An oral direct thrombin inhibitor, ximelagatran (Exanta) was denied approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in September 2004 and was pulled from the market entirely in February 2006 after reports of severe liver damage and heart attacks.
Anticoagulants outside the body
Laboratory instruments, test tubes, blood transfusion bags, and medical and surgical equipment will get clogged up and become nonoperational if blood is allowed to clot. Chemicals can be added to stop blood clotting. Apart from heparin, most of these chemicals work by binding calcium ions, preventing the coagulation proteins from using them.
EDTA is denoted by mauve or purple caps on Vacutainer brand test tubes. This chemical strongly and irreversibly binds calcium. It is in a powdered form.
Citrate is usually in blue...(and so on)
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PC Camera /Web CAM(KD-PC035) 1)Resolution:640x480(VGA) 2)Frame rate: CIF (352 x 288) format: up to 30fps; VGA (640 x 480) format: 15fps 3) Focus range: 30mm-infinity (VGA). 4) View angle: 56 degrees (diagonal) 5) Color: RGB 24, I420 6) Color control: sharpness, contrast & brightness control by manual control or select 7) White balance, exposure & gain control: automatic 8) Compatibility: DirectShow, VFW, Twain & Photoshop 9) Operating systems: supports Windows 98SE/Me/2000/XP 10) PC interface: supports USB plug or connector (product cable included) PC Camera Web C
Macintosh SE
Manufacturer
Apple Computer
Introduced
March 2, 1987
Discontinued
October 1990
Price
US$2900 (dual floppy) US$3900 (with 20MB hard drive)
CPU
Motorola 68000, 8 MHz
OS
3.3-3.4, 4.06.0.2, 6.0.36.0.8, 7.0-7.5.5
The Macintosh SE was a personal computer manufactured by Apple between March 1987 and October 1990. This computer marked a significant improvement on the Macintosh Plus design and was introduced by Apple at the same time as the Macintosh II. It had a similar case to the original Macintosh computer, but with slight differences in color and styling.
Contents
1 Features
2 Macintosh SE FDHD
3 Specifications
4 Emulators
5 Timeline of compact Macintosh models
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
//
Features
The SE's notable new features, compared to its similar predecessor the Macintosh Plus, were:
First compact Macintosh with space for an internal hard disk (originally 20 MB or 40 MB), or, if the user preferred, dual floppy drives.
First compact Macintosh that featured an expansion slot (SE stood for "System Expandable").
Used the Apple Desktop Bus (ADB), introduced with the Apple IIGS, for keyboard and mouse interface.
Improved SCSI support with faster data throughput.
Better reliability and longer life expectancy due to the addition of a fan.
The SE was designed to accommodate either one or two floppy drives, or a floppy drive and a hard drive. After-market brackets were designed to allow the SE to accommodate two floppy drives as well as a hard drive, however it was not a configuration supported by Apple. An external floppy disk drive could also be connected making the SE the only other Macintosh besides the Macintosh Portable which can support 3 floppy drives. After Apple introduced the Macintosh SE/30 in January 1989, an SE/30 motherboard was marketed as a high-cost OEM upgrade for the SE, consisting of a new logicboard, case front and internal chassis to accommodate the higher components.
Additionally the SE had a special PDS slot that allowed for expansion cards, such as accelerators, to be installed. Later on the SE/30 continued by having one slot. Still today accelerators can be purchased and installed in this machine. The SE can be upgraded to 50 MHz and more than 5 MB with the MicroMac accelerators, which are still sold. In the past other accelerators were also available such as the Sonnet Allegro.
The SE along with the Macintosh II, were the first Apple computers (since the Apple I) to be sold without a keyboard. Instead the customer was offered the choice of the new ADB Apple Keyboard or the Apple Extended Keyboard.
Apple produced ten SEs with transparent cases as prototypes for promotional shots and employees. They are extremely rare and command a premium price for collectors.
Macintosh SE FDHD
Originally the SE could use only Single Sided Double Density (SSDD) (400 KB) and Double Sided Double Density (DSDD) (800 KB) formatted floppy disks. In August 1989, Apple introduced the Macintosh SE FDHD with the new SuperDrive, a floppy disk drive that could handle 1.4 MB High Density (HD) floppy disks. Some later Macintosh SE FDHDs were labeled Macintosh SE Superdrive and are more rare. HD floppies would become the de-facto standard on both the Macintosh and PC computers from then on. An upgrade kit was sold for the original Macintosh SE which included new ROM chips and a new Disk controller chip, to replace the originals.
In Europe, the Macintosh SE FDHD was sold under the labeled name Macintosh SE 1/20 and was shipped 1MB RAM and an internal 20MB hard drive, as well as the Macintosh SE 1/40 which likewise shipped with a 40MB drive.
The SE FDHD was discontinued in October 1990, with the introduction of the Macintosh Classic to succeed it.
Inside the Macintosh SE.
The ADB mouse.
Specifications
Processor: Motorola 68000, 8 MHz
System Bus Speed: 8 MHz
ROM Size: 256 kB
Data Path: 16-bit Level 1
RAM Type: 150 ns 30-pin SIMM
VRAM Type: Built-in
Standard RAM: 1 MB
Maximum RAM: 4 MB
RAM Slots: 4 (in pairs)
Standard Hard Drive: 20 MB
Int. Hard Drive Type: SCSI
Standard Disk: 3.5 in, 800 kB, 800 kB x 2 (auto)
Exp. Slots: SE PDS
Battery Type: 3.6 V Lithium
Display: 9 in monochrome
Supported Mac OS: 3.37.5.1, 7.5.37.5.5
Avg. Weight: 17.0 lb/7.7 kg
Emulators
Mini vMac SE & SE FDHD
Timeline of compact Macintosh models
See also: Timeline of Apple Macintosh models
See also
Macintosh Plus
Macintosh SE/30
Macintosh Classic
List of products discontinued by Apple Computer
References
^ "Transparent Macintosh SE". Low End Mac....(and so on)
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FT1272 fashion quartz analog watch with PU strap and 5 ATM water resistance
Poljot (Russian: ?????, literally meaning "flight"), a brand of watches from Russia, originated in the USSR and was produced by the First Moscow Watch Factory. The Soviet government authorized export of FMWF products beginning in 1959, however they did not reach the USA until the late 1990's.
Contents
1 History
2 FMWF watches in Space
3 Current status
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
//
History
1930's FSWF wristwatch with Dueber-Hampden designed movement
Founded in 1930 under orders from Stalin, the First State Watch Factory (Russian: ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? - 1???) was the first Soviet watch and mechanical movement manufacturer. Via its USA-based trading company Amtorg, the Soviet government bought the defunct Ansonia Clock Company of Brooklyn, New York in 1929, and the Dueber-Hampden Watch Company of Canton, Ohio. It moved twenty-eight freight cars full of machinery and parts from the USA to Moscow in order to establish the factory. Twenty-one former Dueber-Hampden watchmakers, engravers and various other technicians helped to train the Russian workers in the art of watchmaking as part of the Soviet's First Five-Year Plan. Interestingly, the movements of very-early products were still stamped "Dueber-Hampden, Canton, Ohio, USA" (examples of these watches are very collectible today). In 1935 the factory was named after the murdered Soviet official Sergei Kirov.
As the Germans closed in on Moscow in 1941, the factory was hurriedly evacuated to Zlatoust (Russian: ?????????). By 1943 the Germans were in retreat, and the factory moved back to Moscow, adopting the "First Moscow Watch Factory" name (Russian: ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? - 1???).
FMWF watches in Space
"Gagarin" Shturmanskie
On April 12th 1961 Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space. During his historic flight he wore a Shturmanskie pilots wristwatch (a transliteration of ??????????? which actually means "Navigator"). This watch was not specially commissioned for the flight, they were standard issue to all air force pilots at the time. The success of the mission however lead to the factory being awarded the Poljot (Russian: ?????) name in 1964.
In 1965 cosmonaut Alexei Leonov wore a FMWF Strela (transliteration of ??????, which actually means "Arrow") chronograph during his historic first space walk, thus cementing Poljot's place in space history. As with Gagarin's first flight, Leonov's watch was not specially commissioned. The Strela has replace the Shturmanskie as the standard issue pilots watch. In the late 1970s, the Strela itself was replaced by a new breed of chronographs based around the (then new) 3133 movement (a Russian variation of the Swiss Valjoux 7734). Poljot 3133-based watches continued where their predecessors left off and were taken into space by cosmonauts from Russia, France, Germany and Ukraine. On the hand of cosmonaut V.V. Polyakov, a Poljot 3133-based watch set a space record for the longest space flight in history.
Current status
During the Soviet era, Poljot watches were marketed in the United Kingdom under the brand "Sekonda". Today's Sekonda company, a British distributor of ubiquitous fashion watches, has no connection to any Poljot products.
Chronograph Poljot "Blue Angels", caliber 3133
At the turn of the 21st century, the First Moscow Watch Factory began reproducing many of their most famous models as limited edition commemorative pieces. Replicas were made of the famous 1960s Shturmanskie worn by Yuri Gagarin, the 1940s Kirova pilots chronograph, and the 1970s Ocean (?????) chronograph. All of the replicas became sought-after collectibles.
In late 2003, rumors predicting the demise of the Poljot brand circulated on the Internet. According to the rumors, the First Moscow Watch Factory was to cease producing their own models and become a source of inexpensive movements for other European watch brands. These rumors never came to fruition. Instead, the First Moscow Watch Factory scaled-down production, with some of its property and machinery sold to Company Volmax. However, the brand name "Poljot" was not sold to Volmax, despite the fact that Volmax watches are sometimes referred to as "Poljot" watches.
Alongside Poljot-branded products, the First Moscow Watch Factory introduced a new, upmarket brand, Golden Poljot. A new team of craftsmen was assembled to develop Golden Poljot and deliver it to the domestic market in a very short time. In 2005-2006, Golden Poljot become available outside Russia and the new Rossi Collection had a successful launch.
No watch movements are currently produced by the First Moscow Watch Factory; chronograph movements are made by the firm MakTime, and non-chronograph movements are produced by Vostok Watch Makers, Inc.
See also
Company Volmax
Vostok Watch Makers, Inc...(and so on)
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Let Freedom Swing
Studio album by SWR Big Band, Toshiko Akiyoshi
Released
2008 February
Recorded
2007 May 9-12, SWR U-Musik-Studio, Villa Berg, Stuttgart
Genre
Jazz
Length
1:44:39
Label
H?nssler Verlag (Germany)
Toshiko Akiyoshi chronology
50th Anniversary Concert in Japan(2006)
Let Freedom Swing(2008)
Vintage...(2008)
Let Freedom Swing is a big band jazz album recorded by the SWR Big Band with Toshiko Akiyoshi as guest pianist/conductor. The album was released as a 2 disk CD in February 2008 by H?nssler Verlag in Germany and includes performances of 12 Akiyoshi compositions.
Track listing
All songs composed and arranged by Toshiko Akiyoshi:
"Drum Conference" (3rd movement) 13:28
"Repose" 5:16
"Harlequin's Tear" 7:16
"Kogun" 8:10
"Feast in Milano" 8:15
"Let Freedom Swing" 9:42
"Lady Liberty" 7:24
"Pollination" 13:08
"I Know Who Loves You" 5:48
"Warning! Success May Be Hazardous to Your Health" 5:48
"Song For The Harvest" 7:24
"Epilogue: Hope" 4:50
"Harlequin's Tear" (live bonus track) 7:35
Personnel
Toshiko Akiyoshi piano
Decebal Badila bass
Holger Nell drums
Farouk Gomati percussion
Klaus Graf alto saxophone, flute, clarinet, soprano saxophone
Axel Kn alto saxophone, flute, soprano saxophone
Andreas Maile tenor saxophone, flute, clarinet, soprano saxophone
J?rg Kaufmann tenor saxophone, flute, piccolo flute
Pierre Paquette baritone saxophone, bass clarinet
Karl Farrent trumpet
Claus Reichstaller trumpet
Frank Wellert trumpet
Felice Civitareale trumpet
Rudolf Reindl trumpet
Marc Godfroid trombone
Ian Cumming trombone
Ernst Hutter trombone
Georg Maus trombone
Dagmar Claus speaker (on track 6, Let Freedom Swing)
References / External Links
SWR Big Band home page
H?nssler Verlag
H?nssler CD 93.203
v?d?eToshiko Akiyoshi discography
Toshiko Akiyoshirecordings asleader or co-leader
Toshiko's Piano / Amazing Toshiko Akiyoshi ? Toshiko at Mocambo ? The Toshiko Trio ? Her Trio, Her Quartet ? Toshiko and Leon Sash at Newport ? The Many Sides of Toshiko ? United Notions ? The Toshiko - Mariano Quartet ? Long Yellow Road (Trio) / Toshiko Akiyoshi Recital ? Toshiko Meets Her Old Pals ? Live at Birdland ? Toshiko - Mariano Quartet (in West Side) ? East & West ? The Country and Western Sound of Jazz Pianos / With Steve Kuhn, Together ? Miwaku No Jazz (Fascinating Jazz) ? Toshiko Mariano and her Big Band / Toshiko & Modern Jazz ? Lullabies for You ? At Top of the Gate ? In Japan / Long Yellow Road (Quartet) ? Jazz, The Personal Dimension ? Meditation ? Sumie / The Personal Aspect In Jazz ? Solo Piano ? Dedications ? Dedications II ? Toshiko Plays Billy Strayhorn / A Tribute to Billy Strayhorn / Dedications III ? Finesse ? Notorious Tourist from the East / Toshiko Plays Toshiko ? Just Be Bop ? Tuttie Flutie ? Toshiko Akiyoshi Trio ? Time Stream ? Interlude
? Four Seasons ? Remembering Bud: Cleopatra's Dream ? Chic Lady ? Dig ? At Maybeck ? Night and Dream ? Yes, I Have No 4 Beat Today ? Time Stream: Toshiko Plays Toshiko ? Live at Blue Note Tokyo '97 ? Sketches of Japan ? Solo Live at the Kennedy Center ? New York Sketch Book ? Hope ? 50th Anniversary Concert in Japan ? Let Freedom Swing ? Vintage ? ...
Toshiko Akiyoshiew Tabackin Big Band
Kogun ? Long Yellow Road ? Tales of a Courtesan (Oirantan) ? Road Time ? Insights ? March of the Tadpoles ? Live at Newport '77 ? Live at Newport II ? Salted Gingko Nuts ? Sumi-e ? Farewell ? From Toshiko with Love / Tanuki's Night Out ? European Memoirs
Toshiko AkiyoshiJazz Orchestra
Ten Gallon Shuffle ? Wishing Peace ? Carnegie Hall Concert ? Desert Lady - Fantasy ? Four Seasons of Morita Village ? Monopoly Game ? Tribute to Duke Ellington ? Hiroshima - Rising from the Abyss ? Last Live in Blue Note Tokyo
Compilations
1961 ? Shibuya Jazz Classics ? Best Gold 89~96 ? Best Silver 89~96 ? The World of Toshiko Akiyoshi ? NOVUS Series 70: The Toshiko Akiyoshi - Lew Tabackin Big Band ? Eternal Best / Best 8 ? The Best of Toshiko Akiyoshi ? Mosaic Select: Toshiko Akiyoshi - Lew Tabackin Big Band
Video recordings
My Elegy ? Strive for Jive
This 2000s jazz album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: SWR Big Band albums | Toshiko Akiyoshi albums | 2008 albums | 2000s jazz album stubs(and so on)
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Constant Air Volume (CAV) is a type of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. In a simple CAV system, the supply air flow rate is constant, but the supply air temperature is varied to meet the thermal loads of a space.
Most CAV systems are small, and serve a single thermal zone. However, variations such as CAV with reheat, CAV multizone, and CAV primary-secondary systems can serve multiple zones and larger buildings.
In mid to large size buildings, new central CAV systems are somewhat rare. Due to fan energy savings potential, variable air volume systems are more common. However, in small buildings and residences, CAV systems are often the system of choice due to simplicity, low cost, and reliability. Such small CAV systems often have on/off control, rather than supply air temperature modulation, to vary their heating or cooling capacities.
There are two types of CAV systems that are commonly in use to modify the supply air temperature, the terminal reheat system and the mixed air system.
The terminal reheat system cools the air in the air handling unit down to the lowest possible needed temperature within its zone of space's. This supply's a comfortable quality to the space, but wastes energy. The mixed air system has two air streams, typically one for the coldest and one for the hottest needed air temperature in the zone. The two air streams are strategically combined to offset the space's load. The mixed air system option is not as proficient at controlling the humidity, yet it does do well at controlling the temperature. (reference: Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning, December 1993 p.53-57)
See also
HVAC
ASHRAE
SMACNA
BACnet
LonWorks
Variable air volume
References
^ Systems and Equipment volume of the ASHRAE Handbook, ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, 2004
Categories: Mechanical engineering | Building engineering | Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning(and so on)
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